全文获取类型
收费全文 | 92043篇 |
免费 | 2934篇 |
国内免费 | 4篇 |
专业分类
管理学 | 12643篇 |
民族学 | 540篇 |
人才学 | 25篇 |
人口学 | 7270篇 |
丛书文集 | 526篇 |
教育普及 | 2篇 |
理论方法论 | 9475篇 |
现状及发展 | 1篇 |
综合类 | 2176篇 |
社会学 | 43374篇 |
统计学 | 18949篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 505篇 |
2021年 | 569篇 |
2020年 | 1512篇 |
2019年 | 2201篇 |
2018年 | 2119篇 |
2017年 | 3187篇 |
2016年 | 2407篇 |
2015年 | 2059篇 |
2014年 | 2632篇 |
2013年 | 18848篇 |
2012年 | 2445篇 |
2011年 | 2268篇 |
2010年 | 1998篇 |
2009年 | 2196篇 |
2008年 | 2055篇 |
2007年 | 1882篇 |
2006年 | 2125篇 |
2005年 | 2310篇 |
2004年 | 2179篇 |
2003年 | 1920篇 |
2002年 | 2018篇 |
2001年 | 2094篇 |
2000年 | 1887篇 |
1999年 | 1755篇 |
1998年 | 1524篇 |
1997年 | 1396篇 |
1996年 | 1353篇 |
1995年 | 1361篇 |
1994年 | 1332篇 |
1993年 | 1330篇 |
1992年 | 1333篇 |
1991年 | 1267篇 |
1990年 | 1237篇 |
1989年 | 1092篇 |
1988年 | 1181篇 |
1987年 | 1041篇 |
1986年 | 951篇 |
1985年 | 1112篇 |
1984年 | 1179篇 |
1983年 | 1061篇 |
1982年 | 977篇 |
1981年 | 878篇 |
1980年 | 826篇 |
1979年 | 906篇 |
1978年 | 793篇 |
1977年 | 713篇 |
1976年 | 664篇 |
1975年 | 646篇 |
1974年 | 536篇 |
1973年 | 456篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
721.
Ego building is essentially a name given to a variety of interventions used to support an ego hampered by regression or deviation. The term has its roots in the concept of ego support but evolved specifically as a technical term in contemporary ego psychology closely connected with the developmental theory of separation individuation. Using four vignettes of psychotherapy work with children all of whom suffered from unresolved conflicts and developmental interferences from the separation-individuation process, an attempt is made to illustrate the technical place of ego building in psychotherapy with children. It is suggested that the use of ego building, particularly verbalizing adaptive aims facilitates an alliance, supports a safety feeling and positive self-esteem. This contributes to providing a treatment experience that reduces over-stimulation and anxiety and frees the expression and understanding of aggression which ultimately promotes separation-individuation.in private practice.This paper was presented at the Conference on the Continuing Evolution of Psychoanalytic Thought: Infancy to Adulthood, N.Y.C., Nov. 1990., sponsored by the Committee on Psychoanalysis of the National Federation of Societies for Clinical Social Work. 相似文献
722.
Michael I. Miller Sarang Joshi David R. Maffitt James G. Mcnally Ulf Grenander 《Journal of applied statistics》1994,21(1):141-163
Most real-world shapes and images are characterized by high variability- they are not rigid, like crystals, for example—but they are strongly structured. Therefore, a fundamental task in the understanding and analysis of such image ensembles is the construction of models that incorporate both variability and structure in a mathematically precise way. The global shape models introduced in Grenander's general pattern theory are intended to do this. In this paper, we describe the representation of two-dimensional mitochondria and membranes in electron microscope photographs, and three-dimensional amoebae in optical sectioning microscopy. There are three kinds of variability to all of these patterns, which these representations accommodate. The first is the variability in shape and viewing orientation. For this, the typical structure is represented via linear, circular and spherical templates, with the variability accomodated via the application of transformations applied to the templates. The transformations form groups: scale, rotation and translation. They are locally applied throughout the continuum and of high dimension. The second is the textural variability; the inside and outside of these basic shapes are subject to random variation, as well as sensor noise. For this, statistical sensor models and Markov random field texture models are used to connect the constituent structures of the shapes to the measured data. The third variability type is associated with the fact that each scene is made up of a variable number of shapes; this number is not assumed to be known a priori. Each scene has a variable number of parameters encoding the transformations of the templates appropriate for that scene. For this, a single posterior distribution is defined over the countable union of spaces representing models of varying numbers of shapes. Bayesian inference is performed via computation of the conditional expectation of the parametrically defined shapes under the posterior. These conditional mean estimates are generated using jump-diffusion processes. Results for membranes, mitochondria and amoebae are shown. 相似文献
723.
This article compares in regression models the effects of occupational status of both fathers and mothers simultaneously upon the attainment of men and women in the Irish Republic. The sample matches male respondents from the 1973/1974 Irish Mobility Study with the labour active female sibling next closest in age. Since the analysis compares working siblings and each 'matched pair' shares the same family origin characteristics, the problems attendant upon using a sample originally of men only are partially avoided. The results advance beyond previous research since, rather than separate models by gender, models include parents and children of both genders, allowing direct rather than indirect evaluation of gender-based determinants of occupational attainment. Both fathers and mothers significantly affect children's attainment, in ways that vary by the child's gender. The results highlight the salience of mothers' attainment for their children and question the 'mainstream' model of equivalent mechanisms of occupational attainment for both genders. Models of social mobility that consider men and women as special instances of a general perspective provide the most fruitful approach for further development. 相似文献
724.
725.
This study examines the effect of unionization, right-to-work laws, and participation of women in the labor force on income
inequality. Two distinct models are developed using 1970 and 1980 census data on the 50 states in the U.S. First, an income
inequality model is specified as a beta distribution of the second kind to estimate Gini measures of income inequality. Second,
these Gini estimates are used in a simultaneous equations model. The 1970 results indicate that higher unionization rates
decreased inequality while right-to-work laws increased inequality. In 1980, the measure of inequality was lower in states
with higher female labor force participation.
We thank an unknown referee and the editor for comments and criticisms that greatly improved the paper. The usual caveat applies. 相似文献
726.
Although surveys are extensively used in sociology, there has been a relative neglect of the effect of task definition upon results obtained. The present article examines the effects of one such task variable, length and specificity of the cue, on response sets concerning the frequency and quantity of alcohol consumed. In one survey format, respondents were asked to report the average number of days drinking per month, and the average number of drinks consumed on each of these occasions. In the second format, questions concerning the monthly frequency of alcohol consumption and quantity consumed were decomposed by twelve drinking locations. The results indicate dramatic increases both in terms of frequency and quantity between the two questionnaire formats. Implications of these results are discussed within the framework of the methodological phenomena of telescoping and the social psychological tendency to under-report threatening behaviors. 相似文献
727.
728.
This study investigates the extent and nature of housing affordability for elderly nonmetropolitan female heads of household
using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The results indicate that over one-third of elderly nonmetropolitan female
heads of household experience housing poverty and that those who rent, who have fair to poor health, and who are minorities
are particularly vulnerable. Housing affordability, measured by the concept of housing poverty, identifies households struggling
to meet basic needs while the conventional 25% of income for housing expenditures ratio identifies a larger population. The
findings suggest the need for multifaceted public policies to address the problem of housing poverty.
Her research interests include housing affordability, housing and community vitality, and decision making. She received her
Ph.D. from Purdue University.
Sooyoun Park is in the same department as a Project Assistant on a USDA-funded research project entitled “Housing Affordability
in Rural Areas,” which is a joint project between Nebraska and Wisconsin. Her research interests focus on housing management
behavior in relation to housing expenditure burden. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. 相似文献
729.
730.
Dr. Mark Griffiths Ph.D. 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》1994,10(4):371-384
A growing body of empirical and theoretical research has concentrated on the overlaps and commonalities among chemical and non-chemical (behavioural) addictions. Pathological gambling has perhaps been the most widely researched behavioural addiction and some of this research has concerned the co-existing links between pathological gambling and alcohol/drug addiction in both the gambling substance abuser and the substance abusing gambler (i.e. cross addiction). This study was of an exploratory nature and attempted to gather information and data regarding gambling cross addictions in the UK. To achieve this, 456 letters were sent to all drug and alcohol helping agencies in England requesting such information. This yielded 210 returns (46% response rate). Results indicated that gambling cross addictions occur in both adults and adolescents and were almost exclusively a male condition. However, it must be noted only just over half of the responding agencies had encountered gambling cross addiction and reasons for this are speculated. Results also indicated the existence of various cross addicted subgroups including an adolescent subgroup who were addicted to fruit machines and abused solvents. Future research ideas are also discussed.A more detailed version of this paper is available from the author on request. 相似文献