从国际教育服务贸易的特点看我国教育服务贸易的应对措施

我国作为WTO成员国,对教育服务贸易做出了相应承诺,教育服务贸易在我国日益凸显出现实迫切性,它是促进我国服务贸易发展的重要方面。目前国际教育服务贸易呈现出发展迅速、发展不平衡、地缘政治性、费用普遍较高、受政治经济的影响明显等特点。发展我国教育服务贸易必须转变教育观念,允许留学生打工,增加奖学金的种类和数额,创造宽松的社会环境。     

Creating a reference to a complex emergency situation using time series methods: war in Guinea-Bissau 1998-1999

Impacts of complex emergencies or relief interventions have often been evaluated by absolute mortality compared to international standardized mortality rates. A better evaluation would be to compare with local baseline mortality of the affected populations. A projection of population-based survival data into time of emergency or intervention based on information from before the emergency may create a local baseline reference. We find a log-transformed Gaussian time series model where standard errors of the estimated rates are included in the variance to have the best forecasting capacity. However, if time-at-risk during the forecasted period is known then forecasting might be done using a Poisson time series model with overdispersion. Whatever, the standard error of the estimated rates must be included in the variance of the model either in an additive form in a Gaussian model or in a multiplicative form by overdispersion in a Poisson model. Data on which the forecasting is based must be modelled carefully concerning not only calendar-time trends but also periods with excessive frequency of events (epidemics) and seasonal variations to eliminate residual autocorrelation and to make a proper reference for comparison, reflecting changes over time during the emergency. Hence, when modelled properly it is possible to predict a reference to an emergency-affected population based on local conditions. We predicted childhood mortality during the war in Guinea-Bissau 1998-1999. We found an increased mortality in the first half-year of the war and a mortality corresponding to the expected one in the last half-year of the war.     

基于顾客资源的动态竞争优势

随着市场竞争环境变化的加剧,企业战略竞争的基点正在从企业内部的资源转移到企业适应外部环境的动态能力上,顾客资源因能有效地衔接企业内部资源和外部环境机会而成为弥足珍贵的战略性资源,以顾客资源为基础构筑的核心竞争力正日益体现出强大的动态竞争优势。因此,企业只有通过加快转变企业的战略管理理念、重构企业内部的业务流程、改革传统的价值链模式和实施企业的顾客忠诚化管理等途径构筑基于顾客资源的动态竞争优势,才能将企业立于竞争的不败之地。     

Community involvement in land regularization for informal settlements in Tanzania: A strategy for enhancing security of tenure in residential neighborhoods

This paper documents and analyzes how landholders managed to uplift status of their neighborhood from hazard land as designated by the 1978 master plan to a regularized residential settlement through land regularization in Dar es Salaam city. Specifically, explores policy framework governing land regularization and how the local community explored the opportunities it offers. Documents the local community planning and land regularization processes undertaken focusing on land use planning, drainage construction, and cadastral survey and discuses how financial resources were raised, trust was built as well as factors which sustained community involvement towards meeting their interests of securing tenure. The paper also, draws challenges facing land regularization policy and recommends areas for further interventions commensurate with the human dimension challenges in securing tenure.Underlying community involvement, those aspects of community, which have been connected to the idea of social capital namely existence of committed leadership in land development matters, embracing mechanism for participatory decision making process and educational background to local leaders were particularly important in determining success for the case. Others include economic ability to contribute, high proportion of landholder settlers, land conflict task force formulation, local consensus to solve commonly felt problems, existence of strong community organization, and unwritten norms put in place to regulate individual behavior in building construction. Weak legal recognition of informal settlement, lengthy and bureaucratic procedures in planning and approval of regularization plans, weak knowledge on land management matters, short-term title deeds with low financial betterments, political popularity are identified critical challenges.Some of recommendations put forward include formalization of the grass-roots role in decision-making, decentralizing some of land development control functions to sub-ward leaders and training the same in basic land management matters. Others include definition of norms; by-laws and government facilitation of informal land parceling. Besides community support should be sought so as to create partnership in the promotion of security of tenure in informal areas. The study concludes that, unless land development activities ongoing in informal settlements are closely monitored and regulated as the settlement grow, it will be too costly socially and economically to retrofit once the settlement have identified.     

融贯中西与古今文化诗学的意象体系——鲁迅诗歌意象的类型分析

意象是诗歌的生命。鲁迅诗歌使用了大量的审美意象,融贯中西与古今文化诗学,形成了自己独立的体系。鲁迅诗歌意象为六种类型,以三组对立的形态出现,即:历史性意象/现实性意象;东方意象/西方意象;社会性意象/人化自然的意象。这些意象的使用,昭示了鲁迅忧国忧民的伟大人格,并形成鲁迅自己独特的诗风。同时,他的诗歌与我国传统诗歌相比较,具有鲜明的现代性,与后起的新诗相比,又具有深厚的传统文化诗学的底蕴。     

网络教育的成本与效益分析

在分析网络教育的特点及发展趋势的基础上 ,对网络教育的成本与效益及相关性问题进行了探讨 ,并提出了网络教育成本分担 ,阐述了通过提高网络教育的利用效率与效益 ,降低网络教育直接成本 ,促进网络教育持续不断发展     

论现代企业经营思想

企业行为受其经营思想的支配,企业的经营思想取决于企业所处的客观环境。在市场经济与现代企业制度的约束下,企业普遍应树立的经营思想有:守法观念、效益观念、用户观念、创新观念、竞争观念和战略观念。各种观念应当互为配合,形成一个有机的整体。     

液相色谱串联质谱检测鳗鱼中四种氟喹诺酮残留

建立了液相色谱/串联质谱法测定鳗鱼中恩诺沙星,环丙沙星,诺氟沙星,氧氟沙星的方法。对分离和检测这四种兽药残留的液相色谱条件、质谱条件、样品前处理方法等作了详细的研究。用乙腈萃取样品中的残留物,在氮气保护下将萃取液浓缩干,加流动相1.0mL溶解残渣,正己烷液液萃取,弃上层液,下层溶液用作液相色谱分析荧光检测或质谱检测。在鳗鱼样品中添加四种残留物,添加浓度分别为0.01,0.050和0.100mg/kg,平均回收率(n=6)在70￣84.3%之间,相对标准偏差为3.0%～6.3%。     

高效液相色谱—核磁共振联用技术

本文简要地综述了高效液相色谱与核磁共振联用技术,并列举了该技术在药物、天然产物以及异构体研究中的应用。