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61.
The liberalization of international financial flows and foreign direct investment has induced countries to use diverse measures to attract inflow of foreign capital and foreign direct investment, which is expected to have a positive effect on the growth of GDP and thus a positive effect on social welfare. Tax exemption, reduction of tax rate, tax holiday, or diverse subsidies are some of the most important measures used. In this paper we study international tax cooperation, i.e., countries change and especially reduce tax rate for corporate income or for asset revenues to attract inflow of foreign direct investment. Both theoretical and empirical studies have shown the sensibility of foreign direct investment decision with respect to tax rate differences between home countries and host countries. In general, more inflow of foreign direct investment can be expected if the tax rate of the home country is lower than that of foreign countries. This is the main reason for international tax cooperation. In this paper we propose a simple model to prove the sub-optimal Nash non cooperative solution in a two-country tax-competition game. The model shows that international tax cooperation can improve welfare of the participating countries. How to reach a cooperative solution for an international tax competition game (ITCG) is therefore an important issue for further discussions and studies. International institutions can play a crucial role to reach international tax cooperation or international tax harmonization. 相似文献
62.
Ricardo Maronna Matthias Fischer Jürgen Groß Andreas Karlsson 《Statistical Papers》2007,48(1):163-170
63.
The paper and the special issue focus on the activity of statistical consulting and its varieties.
This includes academic consulting, consulting to and in industry as well as statistics in public media. 相似文献
64.
65.
This paper studies optimum designs for linear models when the errors are heteroscedastic. Sufficient conditions are given
in order to obtainD-, A- andE-optimum designs for a complete regression model from partial optimum designs for some sub-parameters. A result about optimality
for a complete model from the optimality for the submodels is included.
Supported by Junta de Andalucía, research group FQM244. 相似文献
66.
67.
Dwight R. Lee 《Journal of Labor Research》2003,24(3):437-446
Reverse mandated benefits is a government-mandated policy that requires employees to provide their employers with benefits
that workers would not provide otherwise. Of course, only those benefits would be mandated that are worth more to employers
than they cost, as determined by political authorities. My case for such a policy argues that it is at least as sensible as
policies mandating that employers provide benefits to their employees that would not be provided otherwise. 相似文献
68.
Tymen J. van der Ploeg 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1995,6(3):255-274
This paper compares legal approaches to foundations in six economically well-developed democracies (USA, England and Wales,
Germany, Austria, France and the Netherlands). ‘Foundations’ refers to ‘non-governmental, non-membership, organisations, recognised
as a legal category with a purpose in the general interest’. This covers the common field of the common law's charity and
the civil law's foundation as a legal person. The countries organise public supervision of foundations in very different ways.
Mostly there is governmental involvement or involvement of an independent body in the establishment and governmental supervision
of foundations in action. In a few cases, the supervisory power—concerning the foundations' activities, not their establishment—is
with judicial authorities. Access to information of foundations (registration) and possible requests for sanctions by interested
parties are also rather different. Not all rules are in accordance with the freedom of organisation and some are less desirable.
The conclusion is that a balance between the freedom of the foundation (board), the protection of the public order and the
protection of the interests of others can be found in a system with systematic supervision at the establishment- and later
practice—by governmental or independent authorities or in a system with good registration and incidental supervision by judicial
authorities, also at the request of interested parties. Both have their advantages and disadvantages. 相似文献
69.
In this paper, the task of determining expected values of sample moments, where the sample members have been selected based on noisy information, is considered. This task is a recurring problem in the theory of evolution strategies. Exact expressions for expected values of sums of products of concomitants of selected order statistics are derived. Then, using Edgeworth and Cornish-Fisher approximations, explicit results that depend on coefficients that can be determined numerically are obtained. While the results are exact only for normal populations, it is shown experimentally that including skewness and kurtosis in the calculations can yield greatly improved results for other distributions. 相似文献
70.
F. W. A. van Poppel 《Revue europeenne de demographie》1985,1(4):347-373
Both published results from the 1930, 1947, 1960 and 1971 censuses and unpublished ones are used to examine the influence that religious denomination, socio-economic group and region exerted on the fertility of marriages contracted between 1876 and 1959. A theory formulated by Lesthaeghe and Wilson on the relation between modes of production and secularization and the pace of fertility decline in Western Europe offers — in combination with van Heek's views on the special position of Dutch Roman Catholicism — a starting point for an explanation of why the fertility decline of Roman Catholics, self-employed and agricultural labourers lagged behind. 相似文献