ISA,ISSAM, EAU,EAA and ASA recommendations: investigation,treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males

Abstract

Hypogonadism or Testosterone Deficiency (TD) in adult men as defined by low levels of serum testosterone accompanied by characteristic symptoms and/or signs as detailed further on can be found in long-recognized clinical entities such as Klinefelter syndrome, Kallmann syndrome, pituitary or testicular disorders, as well as in men with idiopathic, metabolic or iatrogenic conditions that result in testosterone deficiency. These recommendations do not encompass the full range of pathologies leading to hypogonadism (testosterone deficiency), but instead focus on the clinical spectrum of hypogonadism related to metabolic and idiopathic disorders that contribute to the majority of cases that occur in adult men.     

Slavery in eighteenth‐century Rhode Island: Evidence from the census of 1774

Slave Cultures and the Cultures of Slavery. Stephan Palmié (ed.). Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press. 1995. xlvii, 283pp. $35.00. ISBN 087049–903–3.

Carnival. Canboulay and Calypso Traditions in the Making. John Cowley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1996. xv, 293pp. £35.00. ISBN 0–521–48138–4.

West Indies Accounts: Essays on the History of the British Caribbean and the Atlantic Economy in Honour of Richard Sheridan. Roderick a. McDonald (ed.). Kingston, Jamaica: The Press, University of the West Indies. 1996. xvi, 388pp. £14.00 (paperback). ISBN 976–640–022–9.

L'Engrenage de la Liberté: Caraïbes ‐ XIXe siècle, Nelly Schmidt. Aix‐en‐Provence: Publications de l'Université de Provence. 1995. 360pp. 250FF. ISBN 2–85399–359–0.

Slave Captain: The Career of James Irving in the Liverpool Slave Trade. Suzanne Schwarz (ed.). Wrexham: Bridge Books. 1995. 164pp. £8.95. ISBN 1–872424–42–2. The Slave Trade and the Economic Development of Eighteenth‐Century Lancaster. Melinda Elder. Halifax: Ryburn Publishing. 1992. 232pp. £25. ISBN 1–85331–030–1.

Them Dark Days: Slavery in the American Rice Swamps. William Dusinberre. New York: Oxford University Press. 1996. xiv, 556pp. £40.00.

The Kidnapped and the Ransomed: The narrative of Peter and Vina Still after forty years of slavery, Kate E.R. Pickard. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 1995. xv, 103, 409 pp. £14.00. ISBN 0–8032–9233–3.

The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women's Political Culture in Antebellum America. Jean Fagan Yellin and John C. van Horne (eds.). Ithaca and London, Cornell University Press, in co‐operation with the Library Company of Philadelphia. 1994. xviii, 363pp.

’what nature suffers to groe’: Life, labor and landscape on the Georgia coast, 1680–1920. Mart A. Stewart. Athens &; London: University of Georgia Press, 1996. xix, 370pp. $45. ISBN 0–8203–1808–6.

Abolitionism in the United States and Brazil: A Comparative Perspective, Celia M. Azevedo. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.1995. xxvi, 200pp. ISBN 0–8153–2332–8.     

LGBTQQ youth creating change: Developing allies against bullying through performance and dialogue

Research has documented heterosexism and genderism facing lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQQ) students in schools, especially as it relates to experiencing bullying and harassment. However, little research addresses anti-LGBTQQ bullying interventions, and no research has examined the use of youth-led performance and dialogue in cultivating anti-bullying behaviors among students. The present mixed-methods study assesses one such intervention led by a community-based LGBTQQ and allied youth group. Repeated measures general linear modeling demonstrates a positive impact of this intervention on middle and high school students' likelihood to intervene when witnessing anti-LGBTQQ harassment and confidence to successfully do so, particularly for White students. Qualitative findings demonstrate barriers to intervention and decision-making processes of youth when intervening. Results suggest the importance of these interventions in empowering LGBTQQ youth to effect change in their schools.     

Review of the Day Reconstruction Method (DRM)

The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) for assessing daily experience and subjective well-being is reviewed. The DRM is a promising method as it assesses feelings within situations and activities, and therefore goes beyond asking who is happy to asking when they are happy. The technique might be less burdensome on respondents than experience-sampling, and might reduce memory biases that are inherent in global recall of feelings. However, evidence for the validity and reliability of the DRM is limited and is not entirely supportive. Research is needed on the psychometrics of the DRM, for example by comparing it to mobile phone assessments and other forms of experience-sampling, as well as to global reports of feelings in situations. Conceptual issues with computing overall subjective well-being by weighting a respondent’s activity scores by the time spent in them are discussed. Despite the promises of the DRM, the many unresolved issues with it and the alternative of using on-line electronic experience-sampling techniques suggest that more research is needed before the value of the DRM is established.     

Interpersonal Perspectives on Black–White Health Disparities: Social Policy Implications

There are large and persistent disparities between the health status of Blacks and Whites in the United States. On average, the mental and physical health of Blacks is much poorer than Whites. In this article, we discuss several potential direct causes of Black–White disparities in health status, which include biological or genetic factors, prejudice and related processes, and socioeconomic factors. We also consider how the system-level, patient-level, and provider-level components of healthcare contribute to disparities in health status. We examine in detail the psychological processes associated with patient- and provider-level factors that may produce healthcare disparities. Of particular interest is the potential impact of racial attitudes and stereotypes on provider–patient interactions. Finally, we propose possible directions for future research on health disparities and discuss policy changes that might reduce disparities in health status and healthcare between social groups.     

The Gender Wage Gap: A Study of Paid Work in Cyprus

The gender wage gap in paid employment was studied using data from the 1991 Survey of Household Expenditure and Income for Cyprus, a country which aspires to join the European Union. Selection from a sample which includes more than paid employees was taken into account. It was found that average weekly wages for women are about 60 percent of those for men. Approximately 60 percent of the observed gender gap can be explained by differences in average characteristics but much of this explanation includes the results of industry and occupation choices, and opportunities in these populations.