“My heart is very painful”: Physical, mental and social wellbeing of older women at the times of HIV/AIDS in rural South Africa

The meanings of health and illness as well as people's beliefs about the required response to illness vary widely according to time and place and represents the culture and society in which people live. A double burden of disease in rural South Africa - an emerging epidemic of non-communicable diseases alongside high HIV-prevalence - defines illness as a ‘normal’ part of older persons' everyday lives. Against this background we analyze qualitative interviews with 30 women over the age of 60 in a rural community to provide an in-depth portrait of older women's physical, mental and social wellbeing and how these women make sense of it all in a changing and challenging social and economic context. These women, while making the connections between the various dimensions, view their own physical, mental and social wellbeing as impaired, and make use of a variety of health and help-seeking behaviors in order to feel better. However, poverty and the unavailability of health resources shape older women's constructions of the meaning of their health and their control, or lack thereof, over how healthy or ill they are. This study demonstrates the usefulness of the broader psycho-socio-environmental model in explaining old-age and wellbeing by providing a context specific and nuanced understanding.     

The ‘importance of staying put’: third country nationals’ limited intra-EU mobility rights

The cautious approach of European Legislators towards the integration of non-EU third country nationals (TCNs), mirrored in the provisions of Long-Term Residence Directive 2003/109/EC, has brought about the creation of ‘spatial temporal waiting zones’. Migrants are confined in both place and time before being able to access the (as of yet, very limited) mobility rights conferred upon them by the Directive. Restricted mobility rights for TCNs can seriously impinge on the economic growth of the EU. This paper reveals three ‘faults’ of the current system. First, we show how TCNs already evade ‘temporal borders’ by moving across geographical ones to take up employment before being entitled to do so under the provisions of the Directive. Next, we show how formal integration in one member state (MS), paradoxically, opens the door to another MS and, third, how a second MS fights off these near-EU citizens. Finally, we observe the importance of taking the phenomenon of spatial and temporal waiting zones into account, not only when structuring intra-EU mobility policies for TCNs but also when addressing the issue of the (labour market) integration of recent arrivals: soon they too will become European long-term residents.     

INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS TRADE,FOREIGN AID,AND ENFORCEMENT

Using a general equilibrium model of a developing narcotics‐producing and ‐exporting economy, we analyze the economic effects of policies designed to restrict the production and trade of narcotics: foreign aid tied to anti‐narcotics law enforcement activities, demand reduction policies, and alternative development policies. We characterize the problem as one of serious factor market distortions introduced by illicit production and enforcement. While aid to enforcement generally reduces the production and export of narcotics, it is less effective for economies with market power, and under plausible conditions may raise narcotics output and have negative welfare implications for the recipient. (JEL F1)     

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FAMILY THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF ADOLESCENTS WITH CONDUCT DISORDERS AND DELINQUENCY

A literature review was conducted on recent studies using family therapy approaches to the treatment of conduct disorders in adolescents. Results from studies conducted since the Shadish et al. (1993) meta-analysis on the effects of family and marital therapies are included. Barriers to effective treatment are identified, costs of care are discussed, and a variety of systems of care in which family interventions are embedded are reviewed.     

Producing More Milk on Fewer Farms: Neoclassical and Neostructural Explanations of Changes in Dairy Farming1

Neoclassical theory in economics has served as the guiding paradigm for agricultural development in the United States. At one level, this model emphasizes the substitution of capital in the form of machinery and chemicals for land and labor. At another level, the paradigm calls for the introduction of mass production techniques, such as product standardization and the routinization of labor processes. Using data on dairy farms and dairy processors from the 50 states, the neoclassical model accounts for changes in productivity on dairy farms; however, the model is less useful in accounting for changes in dairy farm structure. To explain changes in structure, recent neostructural theory that links the structure of markets to the structure of production is used. It is concluded that persistence of family-size dairy farms may rest more on developing and protecting markets for the milk they produce than with tinkering with the neoclassical model.     

Framing of information on the use of public finances, regulatory fit of recipients and tax compliance

Information campaigns to increase tax compliance could be framed in different ways. They can either highlight the potential gains when tax compliance is high, or the potential losses when compliance is low. According to regulatory focus theory, such framing should be most effective when it is congruent with the promotion or prevention focus of its recipients. Two studies confirmed the hypothesized interaction effects between recipients’ regulatory focus and framing of information campaigns, with tax compliance being highest under conditions of regulatory fit. To address taxpayers effectively, information campaigns by tax authorities should consider the positive and negative framing of information, and the moderating effect of recipients’ regulatory focus.     

Women and poverty: insights from individual consumption in Albania

This paper studies how a society with traditional gender norms and competitive marriage market conditions may favor unequal distribution of resources within households and a consequent increase in female poverty. We propose a method to estimate individual consumption from household expenditure data. After estimating individual consumption, we apply a fuzzy approach for poverty analysis. Compared to standard poverty measures, the approach is less sensitive to changes in the distribution of consumption around the poverty line, generated when accounting for unequal distribution of household resources. The approach, applied to the analysis of individual poverty in Albania, revealed considerable intrahousehold inequality that specifically affects women and is correlated with imbalances in the sex ratio induced by past migrations. This leads to an expected general increase in poverty rates, mainly driven by a previously unperceived issue, female poverty, which emerges as an aspect of concern to consider in future anti-poverty policies.     

Current bibliography of immigrants and minorities: Monographs,periodical articles and theses, 1979–1980: Part II,USA (1)

The Manchester Jewish Museum has now been open for more than two years. The success of this venture raises issues about other Jewish Museums in Britain and also the possibility of projects linked to more recent immigrant groups in this country. Some of the problems in setting up the Manchester Jewish Museum and the more recent Museum of the Jewish East End are highlighted, but the article concludes that these have not been insurmountable. The recent Jewish Museums have not become ‘dreary repositories for nostalgia’, but are playing their part in reinforcing Jewish ethnic identity and preparing Britain for a successful multi‐cultural future.