Population programme of China]

Results of population programs started in China during the last decade have attracted worldwide attention. The Chinese population issues are important due to the following characteristics: 1) China is the most populated country in the world, with over 1 billion people (22% of world population), by the end of 1980; 2) its population is 80% rural; 3) despite improved living conditions that have helped lower the mortality rate from over 20/1000 before Liberation to 10/1000 in the 1960s and finally 6-8/1000 during the last decade, the Chinese population has increased from 540 million soon after Liberation to the current 1 billion, with an average yearly growth rate of 2%; 4) China has a young population, with 36.8% under 14 years old and less than 5% over 65, hence education and employment are big issues; and 5) due to longterm backward economy resulting from feudal and colonial influence before Liberation, efforts in developing a strong Chinese economy have met with many obstacles. The above 5 features of the Chinese population have important bearing on solving China's population problems and in building its economy, developing its society, and realizing its 4 modernizations. Although China is self-sufficient despite its large population, it faces many problems and challenges especially in the areas of educating its young population and subsequent employment. To achieve a strong economy and to improve the welfare of its people, China has put efforts into controlling the size and improving the quality of its population during the past decade. Programs in population control will continue to take priority in China.     

Population and employment in China]

The unequal distribution of farmlands in rural areas and the extremely low productivity in the cities were the fundamental causes of unemployment and population problems in old China. Tremendous progress was made after 1949. The serious economic disturbances caused by Lin-piao and the "Gang of Four" caused great unemployment again. The slow development of China's productivity, poor business management, the involvement of women in social activities, the morality rate decrease, and the population growth rate increase are the main reasons for China's unemployment problem. The fundamental solution is to respect the objective laws of nature and economics and to develop social productivity. In the country we should implement the total development of agricultue, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery. In towns and cities service occupations and handicraft industries should be developed, education and humanities need to be improved, and transportation, communications, and many other industries are still backward. There is high potential for development and vast opportunities for additional labor. We should constantly cultivate our high quality workforce to meet the demand of modernization. Population control is important because the higher the population growth rate the slower the accumulation of wealth. Instead of being a producer for the society the additional labor can be a burden. The vital factor in achieving the "Four Modernizations" is not the quantity of labor but the increase in productivity.     

组织学习中群体间知识共享行为影响因素分析

以组织学习中群体间知识共享行为为研究对象,应用演化博弈方法,构建了群体间知识共享行为的演化博弈模型,分析了群体间知识共享行为的影响因素,得出了群体知识水平、吸收转化能力以及知识共享风险与群体间知识共享行为的相互关系.     

经济环境变化与财务报告的发展趋势

社会经济环境的变化是推动财务报告发展的动力之一。人类社会已经迈进知识经济时代,现行会计模式遇到了前所未有的挑战。随着新经济时代的来临,财务报告将呈现出新的发展趋势。探讨我国目前财务报告的局限性及未来发展趋势,有一定的现实意义。     

Daily rhythm of salivary IL-1ß, cortisol and melatonin in day and night workers

Shiftwork-induced sleep deprivation and circadian disruption probably leads to an increase in the production of cytokines and dysregulation of innate immune system, respectively. This project aims evaluating changes in salivary IL-1 beta, cortisol, and melatonin in night workers. Method. Two day and three night healthy workers participated in this study. Sleep was evaluated by actimetry and activity protocols. Saliva was collected at waking and bedtime the last workday and the following two days-off and was analyzed by ELISA. Results. Neither sleep duration nor efficiency showed any association with salivary IL-1beta. IL-1beta levels were higher at waking than at bedtime during working days for all workers, but only one day and one night-worker maintained this pattern and hormone rhythms during days off. For this night worker, melatonin levels were shifted to daytime. A second one presented clear alterations in IL-1beta and hormone rhythms on days-off. Conclusions. Our preliminary results suggest that night work can disturb the variation pattern of salivary IL-1beta. No association of this variation with sleep was observed. It seems that disruption in hormone rhythms interfere with salivary IL-1beta production. IL- 1beta production pattern seems to be maintained when rhythms are present, in spite of a shift in melatonin secretion.     

Utilizing the moral nobility of older Chinese women in governance: The uses of humility,empathy, and an ethics of care in moral clinics in Huzhou city

This paper examines the emergence of the role of “moral doctors” who volunteer in what are called “moral clinics” in Huzhou city. In these moral clinics, the characteristics, experiences, and attributes of older women, in particular, are highly valued and viewed as being essential to the role of the moral doctor. These moral doctors act as moral exemplars and conflict mediators in their local communities. Their moral capital and professionalism, combined with their gender, age, familial and neighborhood attributes, contribute to the accumulation of an affective feminized labor which employs the techniques of care, reason, and moral fortitude to govern the self and others. We unpack these ethical virtues exemplified by moral doctors and nurses in order to show how a female-centric “ethic of care” can become a set of techniques in governing others. In this paper, we elaborate on the role that these moral doctors perform to support the aims of the moral clinics in terms of fostering pro-social behavior and moral obligation in local communities. We argue that the performance of this type of “moral work” is both a mechanism of discipline and a process of self-actualization. We contribute to the current literature on “therapeutic governance” in China by showing how the non-expert medicalization of social ills by moral doctors is incorporated into the reproduction of social control.     

先进的管制方式需要相应的管制体制——自然垄断产业应用激励性管制的管制体制基础

激励性管制目前在发达国家的自然垄断产业得到了广泛应用,并取得了明显效果。发达国家在应用激励性管制方式时,同时进行了自然垄断产业的管制体制改革,通过管制权力运行机制和管制权力监督机制的建立和完善,构建了激励性管制应用的管制体制基础。我国在自然垄断产业引入激励性管制,存在着先进的管制方式与落后的管制体制之间的矛盾。因此,在引入激励性管制时,必须要进一步推进自然垄断产业管制体制的改革。     

抗美援朝战争思想政治工作的经验及当代启示

抗美援朝战争的胜利,既是我党领导的人民军队的胜利,也是党思想政治工作的胜利.抗美援朝战争思想政治工作在认清形势、统一思想,健全组织、周密计划,主题鲜明、任务明确,结合实际、贴近对象,丰富内容、创新形式等方面积累了极其宝贵的经验,对我党新时期开展思想政治工作具有极其重要的启示.     

论领导方式和领导方法创新的主要内容

与时俱进,实现领导方式和领导方法的创新,是实现新时期奋斗目标的客观要求,是加强党的建设的重要内容。党中央第二代和第三代领导集体为此做出了重要贡献,从多个方面进行了创新,从主要内容的角度来讲突出表现为三个层次的创新:三个代表理论是在指导思想层次上的创新,领导就是服务是在目的层次上的创新,提高执政水平和执政能力是在本质层次上的创新。     

Psychological Well-Being and Adolescents’ Internet Addiction: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Hong Kong

This study examines the correlations of adolescents’ self-esteem, loneliness and depression with their internet use behaviors with a sample of 665 adolescents from seven secondary schools in Hong Kong. The results suggest that frequent online gaming is more strongly correlated to internet addiction and such correlation is higher than other predictors of internet addiction in online behaviors including social interactions or viewing of pornographic materials. Male adolescents tend to spend more time on online gaming than female counterparts. In terms of the effect of internet addiction on adolescents’ psychological well-being, self-esteem is negatively correlated with internet addiction, whereas depression and loneliness are positively correlated with internet addiction. Comparatively, depression had stronger correlation with internet addiction than loneliness or self-esteem. A standardized definition and assessment tool for identifying internet addiction appears to be an unmet need. Findings from this study provide insights for social workers and teachers on designing preventive programs for adolescents susceptible to internet addiction, as well as emotional disturbance arising from internet addiction.