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The lack of an adequate measure of perceived sources of stress for student nurses led to the construction of the Student Nurse Stress Index (SNSI). Responses from 235 first-year student nurses to 35 items from the Beck and Srivastava Stress Inventory (Beck, and Srivastava, 1991), and 15 new items, were subjected to exploratory factor analysis using principal components analysis and oblimin rotation. A reliable 22-variable solution with a simple oblique structure including Academic load, Clinical sources, Interface worries, and Personal problems factors was obtained in this initial sample, and confirmed at an exploratory level in a further independent validation sample of 188 first-year students. Confirmatory factor analysis established the four-factor model in the first sample, but required that three variables load onto more than one factor. This more complex four-factor model was confirmed using independent data from the validation sample, and the total invariance of factor loadings and factor covariances of this more complex four-factor model was established in both data sets simultaneously using multi-sample techniques. The SNSI shows cross-sample factor congruence, good internal reliabilities, and concurrent and discriminant validity across a range of reporting conditions. 相似文献
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Jeremy Johnston 《Children & Society》2001,15(1):33-36
On Track is a long‐term crime reduction programme aimed at children at risk of becoming involved in crime. Twenty‐four pilots are being established in deprived communities in England and Wales. In each area a range of evidence‐based preventive services for four to 12 year olds will be developed. There will be intensive inter‐agency cooperation enabling children at risk of offending to be identified early so that they and their families can be provided with consistent services during the child's development. The effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of the arrangements in each area will be evaluated with a view to finding out more about ‘what works’. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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We study kernel density estimator from the ranked set samples (RSS). In the kernel density estimator, the selection of the bandwidth gives strong influence on the resulting estimate. In this article, we consider several different choices of the bandwidth and compare their asymptotic mean integrated square errors (MISE). We also propose a plug-in estimator of the bandwidth to minimize the asymptotic MISE. We numerically compare the MISE of the proposed kernel estimator (having the plug-in bandwidth estimator) to its simple random sampling counterpart. We further propose two estimators for a symmetric distribution, and show that they outperform in MISE all other estimators not considering symmetry. We finally apply the methods in this article to analyzing the tree height data from Platt et al. (1988) and Chen et al. (2003). 相似文献
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THE EMERGENCE OF BANDWAGON EFFECTS: A THEORY 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Previous explanations of bandwagons from election polls have exclusively emphasized conformity causes. We propose, in addition, "indirect' causes, in which election predictions first affect key actors, influencing their decisions concerning financial support, volunteer work, or endorsements. These decisions then produce major campaign alterations that influence the voters and alter the election outcome. Our addition clarifies anomalous bandwagon research findings and directs attention to the possibility of bandwagon feedback on subsequent elections. If the same forecasters create frequent bandwagon effects, their credibility should increase as a result of enhanced accuracy. But increased credibility should in turn increase the self-fulfilling tendency of their subsequent forecasts. Such deviation-amplifying feedback would permit polls to produce a highly significant, and expanding, influence on elections. 相似文献
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The creation of quantitative territorial social indicators for studies of spatial variations in human behavior is often hampered by the lack of spatially disaggregable data, with the consequence that the absence of any such variations much be assumed. An entropy-maximizing procedure has been developed which produces maximum likelihood estimates of spatial variations within known, aggregate, constraints. This procedure is introduced and illustrated using the example of tactical voting in Great Britain. 相似文献
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Most firms achieve perfective progress, incrementally improving commodities or productivity. But technological progress is concentrated in a few firms achieving metamorphic progress: forming or transforming industries with technological breakthroughs (e.g., biotechnology, lasers, semiconductors, nanotechnology). Unless congruent with incumbents' science and technology base, metamorphic progress promotes entry. Scientific breakthroughs embodied in discovering scientists, protected by natural excludability and transferred by learning-by-doing-with at the bench generally drive metamorphic progress. Embodied knowledge is rivalrous and leads to entry and industry dominance by star scientist–linked firms. Incorporating this scientific entrepreneurial process is essential to improving—if not transforming—endogenous growth models. 相似文献
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