PRODUCTIVITY PERFORMANCE OF U.S. TRUNK AND LOCAL SERVCE AIRLINES IN THE ERA OF DEREGULATION

The transition to deregulation of the U.S. air transport industry began in 1976. In this paper we measure total factor productivity growth of the airlines for the first five years of the transition (1976–1980) and compare the performance with that of the preceding years. We find that productivity growth accelerated from 2.8% per year to 5.1% per year. An analysis of covariance model with individual airlines as observations leads to the conclusion that for the trunk airlines nearly all of the acceleration can be explained by increases in output and load factor and decreases in the growth of capacity. For the local service airlines, however, less than half of the acceleration may be so-explained.     

THE ECONOMICS OF FAMILY FORMATION*

In this article an economic model of the determinants of first marriage is formulated and then empirically tested. The model incorporates household production theory and search theory in order to explain the incentives to marry and the determinants of the age at first marriage. Age at first marriage is viewed as depending on the determinants of entry into the marriage market and the duration of search for a spouse. Empirical results from the 1967 Survey of Economic Opportunity show a negative effect of male wages and a positive effect of female wages on own age at marriage. Additionally, education and urbanization are found to have positive effects and number of children a negative effect.     

The legitimation of violence: hockey players' perceptions of their reference groups' sanctions for assault*

Des entrevues auprès de joueurs de hockey d'écoles secondares ont fourni des données quant à leurs perceptions des sanctions offertes par leurs groupes de référence normatifs concernant le comportement aggressif. Les résultats indiquent que si les joueurs percoivent des différences entre les sanctions offertes par chaque groupe de référence, il y a approbation d'une variété de comportements aggressifs. Une analyse factorielle a révélé que les sanctions venant (i) du père, (2) de la mère, (3) des confrères qui ne sont pas joueurs et (4) des membres de l'équipe et de Fentraineur constîtuent des dimensions conceptuelles distinctes. Dans l'optique du concept de justification, la violence dans les sports ainsi que dans d'autres sphères sociales, n'est pas anormale mais représente plutôt une conduite approuvée par les normes sociales. Interviews with Toronto high school hockey players yielded data pertaining to players' perceptions of their normative reference groups' sanctions for assault. Results indicated that although players viewed each reference group's sanctions as somewhat distinctive, there was approval of a variety of assaultive behaviours. Factor analysis revealed that the sanctions of (1) father, (2) mother, (3) nonplaying peers, and (4) teammates and coach formed independent conceptual dimensions. In light of the concept of legitimation, much of the violence in sport, as in other social spheres, is not aberrant, but rather is socially acquired normative conduct.     

Estimating Residency Rates for Undetermined Telephone Numbers

The method for estimating residency rates in random digit dial(RDD) telephone surveys is important for computing responserates. This article reviews existing methods of estimating residencyrates and introduces a new "survival" method that takes advantageof more information to provide improved estimates. Examplesof applying this to large RDD samples are given along with suggestionsfor use of the method in other surveys.     

Social Representations and Repression: Examining the First Formulations of Freud and Moscovici

The English edition of Moscovici's classic work on the social representation of psychoanalysis enables us to reflect on the historical origins of psychoanalytic ideas and of social representation theory itself. Moscovici claimed that science was both univocal and abstract and, in these respects, it differs from the social representations of commonsense. This paper explores these notions, especially in relation to Moscovici's claim that psychoanalytic theory is to be found in Freud's first formulations. It is suggested that some of the processes, which Moscovici attributes to the passage of psychoanalytic ideas to commonsense, can be found occur in the early history of psychoanalysis. This can be seen in Freud's criticisms of the way Jung used the concept of “complex”. Moreover, psychoanalytic theory could never be univocal for it incorporated the voices of patients and their representations of the world. An examination of Studies on Hysteria reveals further multivocality as Freud uses both the “action” language of ordinary life and the reified, nominalized language of science. Examples are given in relation to the first formulations of the key psychoanalytic concept of “repression”. Some comparisons are made between Freud's first formulations of “repression” and Moscovici's first formulations of “social representation”.