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91.
Abstract Previous research has found that alternative employment arrangements are associated with both impaired and improved well-being. Since such inconsistencies are likely to derive from the type of employment contract as well as the characteristics of the job, this paper compares permanent full-time work with forms of alternative employment (permanent part-time, fixed-term and on-call work) in order to investigate how different employment contracts and perceptions of job conditions relate to individual well-being. This study contributes to the literature by addressing several questions. Different forms of alternative employment are distinguished and individual background characteristics that might be intertwined with the employment contract are controlled for. Moreover, the scope of this study extends to the effects of perceived job conditions, and possible interactive effects with type of employment are tested. Analyses of questionnaire data from 954 Swedish healthcare workers show that perceptions of the job (job insecurity, job control and demands), but not the type of employment contract, predicted health complaints. However, type of employment interacted with perceptions of job insecurity, in that insecurity was associated with impaired well-being among permanent full-time workers, while no relationship was found for on-call or core part-time employees. Despite the absence of interactions between employment contract and job demands or job control, it can be concluded that knowledge about the relationship between alternative employment arrangements and the well-being of workers can be enhanced when the combined effects of employment contract and job conditions are studied. 相似文献
92.
Magnus Lofstrom 《Journal of population economics》2002,15(1):83-114
This paper uses data from the 1980 and 1990 U.S. Censuses to study labor market assimilation of self-employed immigrants.
Separate earnings functions for the self-employed and wage/salary workers are estimated. To control for endogenous sorting
into the sectors, models of the self-employment decision are estimated. Self-employed immigrants are found to do substantially
better in the labor market than wage/salary immigrants. Earnings of self-employed immigrants are predicted to converge with
natives' wage/salary earnings at about age 30 and natives' self-employed earnings at about age 40. Including the self-employed
in the sample reduces the immigrant-native earnings gap by, on average, 14%.
Received: 10 November 1999/Accepted: 3 August 2000 相似文献
93.
Urban Markström Magnus Karlsson 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2013,24(4):917-934
In many parts of the Western world, interventions for people with mental illness have radically changed in recent decades. In the deinstitutionalized system of today, the role for non-profit organizations is generally characterized by dual goals: political advocacy and service provision. Here, the role and function of the user movement in the Swedish mental health system is examined through a case study of all local branches of the largest non-profit organization within the Swedish mental health field. The empirical material consisted of annual reports from all local branches, and was analysed through two analytical schemes, concerning voice/service and conflict/consensus. The analysis pointed to a user movement that still retained the basic ideas of peer support and mutual aid, but were also increasingly being asked by formal service providers to represent the need of users. A hybrid organization category, a ‘Social Movement Peer Organization’, was identified that where social recreational activities are combined with local political advocacy. 相似文献
94.
In searching for an appropriate utility function in the expected utility framework, we formulate four properties that we want the utility function to satisfy. We conduct a search for such a function, and we identify Pareto utility as a function satisfying all four desired properties. Pareto utility is a flexible yet simple and parsimonious two-parameter family. It exhibits decreasing absolute risk aversion and increasing but bounded relative risk aversion. It is applicable irrespective of the probability distribution relevant to the prospect to be evaluated. Pareto utility is therefore particularly suited for catastrophic risk analysis. A new and related class of generalized exponential (gexpo) utility functions is also studied. This class is particularly relevant in situations where absolute risk tolerance is thought to be concave rather than linear. 相似文献
95.
96.
Magnus Ekström 《Scandinavian Journal of Statistics》2013,40(4):886-898
Assume that we have a sequence of n independent and identically distributed random variables with a continuous distribution function F, which is specified up to a few unknown parameters. In this paper, tests based on sum‐functions of sample spacings are proposed, and large sample theory of the tests are presented under simple null hypotheses as well as under close alternatives. Tests, which are optimal within this class, are constructed, and it is noted that these tests have properties that closely parallel those of the likelihood ratio test in regular parametric models. Some examples are given, which show that the proposed tests work also in situations where the likelihood ratio test breaks down. Extensions to more general hypotheses are discussed. 相似文献
97.
Enforcement of property rights in a barter economy 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Magnus Hoffmann 《Social Choice and Welfare》2010,34(2):249-263
If property rights to consumption goods are insecure, the incentives to trade in a barter economy are reshaped. In a pure
exchange economy, we examine the case where two contestable consumption goods are vital to two agents and initial endowments
follow a binary distribution. In line with the existing literature, we examine in a two-stage game how the equilibrium security
of claims to property is determined. We find that, depending on the exogenous preference and appropriation-effectiveness parameters,
two different regimes emerge in equilibrium: trade and appropriation, and peaceful coexistence, with the latter regime exhibiting efficiency with respect to the goods traded. However, inefficiencies arise due to the
investment in defensive activities necessary to deter appropriation. Thus, we have found an endogenously determined measure
for the transaction cost underlying a market which replicates the outcome of a Walrasian market. 相似文献
98.
Calibrating Hypothetical Willingness to Pay Responses 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Johannesson Magnus Blomquist Glenn C. Blumenschein Karen Johansson Per-olov Liljas Bengt O'Conor Richard M. 《Journal of Risk and Uncertainty》1999,18(1):21-32
Experimental data comparing hypothetical and real dichotomous choice responses for two different goods were used to estimate a statistical bias function to calibrate the hypothetical yes responses. The probability that a hypothetical yes response would be a real yes response was estimated as a function of the individual's self-assessed certainty of the hypothetical yes response (assessed on a 0–10 scale) and a variable representing the price level. Without calibration the hypothetical yes responses significantly exceeded the proportion of real yes responses, but after calibration the null hypothesis of no difference between hypothetical and real responses could not be rejected in any of the experiments. 相似文献
99.
The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: results based on Swedish microdata 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper investigates the relationship between happiness (utility) and a host of socio-economic variables in a random sample of over 5,000 individuals from the Swedish adult population. The results show that happiness increases with income, health and education and decreases with unemployment, urbanisation, being single, and male gender. The relationship between age and happiness is U-shaped, with happiness being lowest in the age-group 45–64 years. 相似文献
100.
An alternative to the maximum likelihood (ML) method, the maximum spacing (MSP) method, is introduced in Cheng and Amin [1983. Estimating parameters in continuous univariate distributions with a shifted origin. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 45, 394–403], and independently in Ranneby [1984. The maximum spacing method. An estimation method related to the maximum likelihood method. Scand. J. Statist. 11, 93–112]. The method, as described by Ranneby [1984. The maximum spacing method. An estimation method related to the maximum likelihood method. Scand. J. Statist. 11, 93–112], is derived from an approximation of the Kullback–Leibler divergence. Since the introduction of the MSP method, several closely related methods have been suggested. This article is a survey of such methods based on spacings and the Kullback–Leibler divergence. These estimation methods possess good properties and they work in situations where the ML method does not. Important issues such as the handling of ties and incomplete data are discussed, and it is argued that by using Moran's [1951. The random division of an interval—Part II. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 13, 147–150] statistic, on which the MSP method is based, we can effectively combine: (a) a test on whether an assigned model of distribution functions is correct or not, (b) an asymptotically efficient estimation of an unknown parameter θ0, and (c) a computation of a confidence region for θ0. 相似文献