Putting modularity in business planning and control

The use of modules in constructing corporate planning systems has been reported by companies such as I.B.M. Xerox, and Standard Oil of New Jersey. The modules may be of organizational units, or of functions such as production, distribution and finance. Modules may also be used for different types of calculations and for generating report output. A module is quite simply a standard unit. Modularity becomes more important as systems grow large, because it is one means of keeping order within large systems. Modularisation is a key concept in structuring large systems, and a useful approach to use in designing procedures for Corporate Planning.     

"毛主义"战略的基本特征

"毛主义"的基本内涵是在一个以农民为主体的社会结构中,按照列宁主义组织原则,建立一个由于信仰马克思列宁主义的若干基本准则而充满活力的政党。因而,这一思想体系就有异干以工人阶级为主体的苏联布尔什维克主义。毛泽东思想也因其鲜明的思想创造性,成为东方马列主义的独立流派。     

Alcohol expectancies in relation to personality and aggression among juvenile delinquents in Northern Russia

The relationships between alcohol expectancies, level of alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, aggression, and personality factors in 198 Russian male juvenile delinquents were assessed. A clustering procedure was used in order to establish main patterns of alcohol expectancies, yielding three major clusters. Level of alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, aggression, and personality factors were compared across the identified clusters. It was established that juvenile delinquents with a high level of positive alcohol expectancies and aggression represented a risk-group for higher involvement in drinking behavior as well as problem drinking, which in turn are related to specific personality traits. Implications of these findings for alcohol prevention among the youth are discussed.     

Applying the transtheoretical model to female and male perpetrators of intimate partner violence: gender differences in stages and processes of change

The Transtheoretical Model has been recently applied to men seeking services at battering intervention and prevention programs (Eckhardt, Babcock, & Homack, 2004; Murphy & Baxter, 1997). This study considers whether women arrested for intimate partner violence differ from male perpetrators in terms of stages of change and processes of change. No gender differences were found regarding stage of change. In general, all individuals presenting for treatment were in the early stages of change. The use of various processes of change was strongly related to stage of change, with individuals in the more advanced stages of change using more behavioral and experiential strategies to become nonviolent. However, except for the use of social liberation strategies, there were no gender differences in the use of the various processes. These findings suggest that the Transtheoretical Model may apply to female perpetrators equally as well as to male perpetrators. Intervention programs designed for male batterers using the Transtheoretical Model may also be helpful in the treatment of women arrested for domestic violence.     

The interaction of aging and 10 years of racing on ultraendurance running performance

The aim of this study was to examine the interaction between aging and 10 years of racing in endurance runners. Race-time data from 194 runners who had completed 10 consecutive 56-km ultramarathons were obtained. The runners were either 20.5 +/- 0.7, 30.0 +/- 1.0, 39.9 +/- 0.9, or 49.4 +/- 1.0 years old at their first race. Each runner's race speed was determined for each race over the 10 years. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and independent t tests and showed that performance improved and declined at greater rates for younger runners; younger runners had a greater capacity for improvement than older runners; approximately 4 years were required to reach peak racing speed, regardless of age; it was not possible to compete at peak speed for more than a few years; and the combined effects of 10 years of aging and racing neither improve nor worsen net performance. In conclusion, these data suggest that although these runners showed similar patterns of change in race speed over a 10-year period, the extent of change in performance was greater in younger than in older runners.     

A GALTON-WATSON BRANCHING PROCESS IN VARYING ENVIRONMENTS WITH ESSENTIALLY CONSTANT OFFSPRING MEANS AND TWO RATES OF GROWTH1

A Galton-Watson process in varying environments (Z_n), with essentially constant offspring means, i.e. E(Z_n)/mⁿ→α∈(0, ∞), and exactly two rates of growth is constructed. The underlying sample space Ω can be decomposed into parts A and B such that (Z_n)_n grows like 2ⁿon A and like mⁿon B (m > 4).     

Projection and Misperception in Couples Treatment

Projective identification is discussed as an interpersonal mechanism involved in distortions of perceptions and communications. Several case illustrations are presented to show how this mechanism manifests itself in relatively healthy, though neurotic, couples. A treatment approach based on correction of the perceptual distortions is suggested as a model for short-term counseling with such couples.     

ESTIMATING SUPPLY DESPITE A QUOTA: BRAZIL'S SUPPLY OF SUGAR

In this paper a model is developed from which the supply curve, of a stochastically produced good, can be estimated when the observations are constrained by a quota. It is shown that, for any (price, quantity) combination observed in the presence of a quota, we can simulate a corresponding (price, quantity) combination which could have been observed in the absence of a quota. This procedure is then employed to construct "free-market" observations on Brazil's supply of sugar, with which the supply curve is then estimated, and production in the absence of sugar quotas inferred.     

Distribution of power and agrarian reform: An explanatory model applied to India and Chile

This article appraises within an interdisciplinary framework key social, political, and economic aspects of the distribution of power in agrarian societies, and their interaction with various agrarian reform measures. Reform measures investigated include land reform proper, tenancy and wage regulations, land taxes, institutional credit, and productivity promotion measures.Use is made of alternate models that simulate economic development and agrarian reform under alternative sociopolitical regimes. The models distinguish four actor-groups: landlords, peasants, nonagriculturalists, and the state. Regimes differ, on the one hand, according to which actor-group is in power, and, on the other hand, according to which instruments of economic policy the state employs. The models are empirically applied and used to analyze the impact of agrarian reform measures in the 1960s and 1970s in two different regimes, India and Chile (under Allende).