The Relationship of Birth Order and Gender with Academic Standing and Substance Use Among Youth in Latin America

Alfred Adler attempted to understand how family affects youth outcomes by considering the order of when a child enters a family (Adler, 1964). Adler's theory posits that birth order formation impacts individuals. We tested Adler's birth order theory using data from a cross-sectional survey of 946 Chilean youths. We examined how birth order and gender are associated with drug use and educational outcomes using three different birth order research models including: (1) Expedient Research, (2) Adler's birth order position, and (3) Family Size theoretical models. Analyses were conducted with structural equation modeling (SEM). We conclude that birth order has an important relationship with substance use outcomes for youth but has differing effects for educational achievement across both birth order status and gender.     

Does satisfaction matter? A microeconomic empirical analysis of the effect of social relations on economic welfare

The paper studies the effect of social relations on individual economic welfare by explicitly considering the qualitative aspect of relations that characterize the social structure of personal contacts. It argues that important information is lost if only the density of the social network is considered. This proposition is tested using microdata representative of the entire Italian population. Two proxies for interpersonal relations at an individual level are considered: the number of voluntary associations joined and the satisfaction gained from relationships with friends. Both seem to have a positive effect on two indices of household economic welfare: a subjective index and an objective one. The subjective index is based on both the subjects’ personal assessment of their household general economic situation and financial difficulties in meeting certain expenditures. The objective index is calculated from objective data on the household's economic situation. The empirical results prove robust on considering a variety of control variables and using different econometric methods.     

大白菜RAPD扩增体系的优化研究

以大白菜 341 1 - 7自交系为材料 ,使用 PE公司生产的 Thermal Cycler480型 PCR仪 ,对影响大白菜 RAPD扩增的因素进行了研究 ,确定了模板 ,Mg2 +,d NTPs,引物和 Taq DNA聚合酶的适宜浓度和最佳的循环次数 .实验结果表明 ,在 2 5μL反应体系中使用 2 0— 60 ng的模板 DNA,1 .5— 2 .0 mmol/L 的 Mg2 +,0 .1 5— 0 .2 5 mmol/L d NTPs,0 .8— 1 .0 μmol/L随机引物 ,1 .0— 1 .5 U Taq DNA聚合酶 ;在 94℃下预变性 5 min后执行 94℃ 1 min,37℃ 1min,72℃ 2 min,35个循环 ,最后 72℃再延伸 5 min的条件下 ,大白菜的 RAPD扩增效果较好     

从竹简《文子》看"传本"《文子》

竹简《文子》四次称引的“传曰” ,当指早于竹简的“传本”《文子》。“传本”《文子》与今本《文子》经说体部分有着一致性。“传本”《文子》的撰作时代约在战国中期前后 ,广泛流行于战国晚期至西汉中期。九篇本《文子》是“传本”《文子》与竹简《文子》的合编本。     

江西经济发展与高等教育的相关分析

一个地区的经济发展水平和竞争力，与该地区高等教育发展水平密切相关。改革开放以来，江西与周边省市相比，经济相对落后，这与教育投入不足，大专以上从业人员所占比例偏低有直接关系。高等教育的相对落后，又影响了地区经济发展的规模与速度、质量。因此，教育超前发展是区域经济发展的基础。     

日本地产泡沫的形成机制与应对政策的得失

本文在回顾上世纪80年代后半期日本地产泡沫从形成、膨胀、再到破灭全过程的基础上,着重分析了地产泡沫的形成机制,认为地产泡沫之所以在形成后迅速膨胀,除了一般性原因外,金融加速器机制起着重要作用。而在应对泡沫经济中,无论是货币政策、财政政策还是税收政策,都存在着明显的失误,留下了许多深刻的教训。     

Classifying Speech Sonority Functional Data using a Projected Kolmogorov-Smirnov Approach

This paper addresses a linguistically motivated question of classification of functional data, namely the statistical classification of languages according to their rhythmic features. This is an important open problem in phonology. The analysis is based on the information provided by the sonority, which is an index of local regularity of the speech signal. Our main tool is the projected Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. This is a new goodness of fit test for functional data. The result obtained supports the linguistic conjecture of the existence of three rhythmic classes.     

明代诗词中的稻作文化知识

明代农业生产经过初期的恢复,得到进一步发展,水稻种植面积和产量也有很大提高.明代诗词乃至明代文学在我国文学史上都有重要地位.明代诗词涉农题材较多,其中有许多关于稻作文化的诗句.明代诗词中涵盖稻作术语和品种资源、栽培耕作和稻谷加工、病虫害和水旱灾害以及其他人文知识等不同方面的稻作知识.明代稻作诗词内含丰富的科技、人文知识,是珍贵的农业非物质文化遗产,也是农业文化遗产保护的重要内容.我国古代文学作品中的稻作文化知识,具有重要的当代价值.对其进行完善的保护,并加以充分的利用,具有重要的现实意义.     

论教育观念的转变

目前 ,大家普遍认识到了教育观念在教育改革和教育现代化建设中的作用 ,而且在这方面进行了一定的研究和探讨。本文试对影响教育观念形成的因素及转变教育观念谈一点看法     

Theory‐of‐mind during childhood: Investigating syntactic and executive contributions

Both syntax and Executive Functions (EF) are involved in Theory‐of‐Mind (ToM) but their contributory roles have mainly been studied separately. Moreover, researchers have mostly administered False Belief (FB) tasks while they may not be representative of all ToM abilities. Studies of adults give valuable information regarding whether syntax and EF are useful for ToM reasoning (i.e., Reasoning account), however, only the study of children brings direct evidence in favor of ToM emergence (i.e., Emergence account). Also, because the ToM tasks used often entail verbal and executive demands, the links observed could mostly result from such confounds (i.e., Expression account). We evaluated ToM, syntactic and EF abilities in 126 children (3‐11 y.o.) using a set of ToM tasks with minimal verbal and executive demands. Our goals were to assess (1) the hierarchical contribution of syntax and EF to ToM, (2) whether results previously obtained for FB tasks are representative of ToM in general, (3) whether the ToM‐syntax and ToM‐EF links are constant (i.e., Reasoning account) or decrease during development (i.e., Emergence accounts). Results of stepwise regression analyses showed a predominant role of syntax over EF to predict ToM abilities. The comparison of results for ToM and FB tasks showed that FB is not always representative of ToM. Finally, there was no moderating effect of age on the syntax‐ToM or EF‐ToM relations, thus suggestive of the Reasoning account rather than the Emergence account.