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411.
We investigate the lifetime incidence and duration oflone motherhood and stepfamilies in Great Britainusing both retrospective and panel informationcontained in the British Household Panel Survey,1991–1995. We find that about 40 per cent of motherswill spend some time as a lone-parent. The duration oflone parenthood is often short, one-half remaininglone-mothers for 4.6 years or less. Aboutthree-fourths of these lone-mothers will form astepfamily, with 80 per cent of these stepfamiliesbeing started by cohabitation and 85 percent followingthe dissolution of a union. Stepfamilies are not verystable: over one-quarter dissolve within one year.Thus, an increasing proportion of today's youngchildren in Britain are likely to experience thechanges, tensions and strains which life inlone-parent families and stepfamilies often entails.The increasing complexity of inter-householdrelationships between children and parents hasimportant implications for the relevance oftheoretical views of the operation of the family putforward by social researchers. 相似文献
412.
413.
零售商跟供应商一快速消费品公司一向来是敌手。双方会在价格上磨来磨去,促销活动上斤斤计较,市场预算上讨价还价,长期分歧上拉锯作战。结果,关系破坏了,收益减少了一次年,再重开谈判。 相似文献
414.
Marco Costa Wies Dinsbach Antony S. R. Manstead Pio Enrico Ricci Bitti 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2001,25(4):225-240
Nonverbal behaviors in response to viewing slides depicting nude males, nude females, erotic couples and neutral pictures, either alone or in the presence of two unfamiliar individuals, were studied in 22 female and 16 male university students. Participants were unaware of being videorecorded. Results revealed discrepancies between self-reported embarrassment and nonverbal behaviors supposedly expressive of embarrassment. Although self-reported embarrassment was higher when certain types of slides were viewed in the presence of others than when they were viewed alone, we observed significantly fewer lip movements, gaze shifts, face touches, downward gazes, and downward head movements in the presence of unfamiliar individuals than in the alone condition. We also compared behaviors during slide exposure and during the inter-slide intervals. For 9 out of 11 coded behaviors, frequencies were significantly higher during inter-slide intervals than during slide presentation. We argue that this is probably due to the fact that visual attention to the slides inhibited nonverbal behaviors. The results cast doubt on the possibility of inferring the internal state of an emotion such as embarrassment by analyzing nonverbal behaviors without taking account of the social setting in which such observations are made. 相似文献
415.
Identification of vector AR models with recursive structural errors using conditional independence graphs 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
In canonical vector time series autoregressions, which permit dependence only on past values, the errors generally show contemporaneous
correlation. By contrast structural vector autoregressions allow contemporaneous series dependence and assume errors with
no contemporaneous correlation. Such models having a recursive structure can be described by a directed acyclic graph. We
show, with the use of a real example, how the identification of these models may be assisted by examination of the conditional
independence graph of contemporaneous and lagged variables. In this example we identify the causal dependence of monthly Italian
bank loan interest rates on government bond and repurchase agreement rates. When the number of series is larger, the structural
modelling of the canonical errors alone is a useful initial step, and we first present such an example to demonstrate the
general approach to identifying a directed graphical model. 相似文献
416.
The present note first discusses the concept of s-convex pain functions in decision theory. Then, the economic behavior of an agent with such a pain function is represented through the comparison of some recursive lotteries. 相似文献
417.
Civil society, and non‐government organizations (NGOs) in particular, have become a research interest in international business (IB). The purpose of this paper is to review scholarly understandings of the nature and significance of NGOs in IB. Contributions from complementary research domains are also explored with a view to encouraging greater interdisciplinary integration in analysing the NGO sector and in particular its relations with multinational enterprises (MNEs). These domains are: strategic alliances and resource dependency; global governance and multilateralism; public management; and regulation theory. The primary argument is that such interdisciplinarity may facilitate more innovative IB treatments of the role of NGOs, reflecting more adequately their strategic environment and motivations. Moreover, including a multitude of perspectives helps to address broader issues identified by scholars as pivotal to the future standing of the field: the nature of strategic agency among organizations other than MNEs; the interpretation of globalization and its implications for organizations; and whether IB is too isolated from the other social sciences. 相似文献
418.
There is more to contracts than incompleteness: a review and assessment of empirical research on inter-firm contract design 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marco Furlotti 《Journal of Management and Governance》2007,11(1):61-99
This paper aims at achieving a greater understanding of how contracts operate in practice through a review of recent empirical
literature on inter-firm contract design. Our focus on the structure of contractual agreements differentiates this review
from others that dedicated ample coverage also to the antecedents of the decision to contract and of the choice of contracting
versus integration. Our framework develops Stinchcombe’s (Organization Theory and Project Management, 1985) hypothesis that
contracts are an organizational phenomenon. This allows us to uncover considerable but unevenly distributed evidence on a
number of organizational processes formalized in relational contracts, which partially overlap with the processes that are
observed in integrated organizations. It also enables us to describe contracts in terms of a larger number of dimensions than
is commonly appreciated. The paper summarizes the evidence by proposing a general and tentative framework to guide the design
of relational contracts, discusses a number of lingering issues, and outlines directions for further research on contracts
as an organizational phenomenon.
相似文献
Marco FurlottiEmail: |
419.
Abstract. In this paper, by distinguishing between the decisions made by the workers and those made by the firms, we provide a probabilistic evaluation of the transition from temporary to permanent employment in a regional context. Specifically, by exploiting a multinomial nested logit strategy of estimation, we find that the transition to a permanent job is far from certain, especially for women and older workers. 相似文献
420.
Giuliana Carello Federico Della Croce Andrea Grosso Marco Locatelli 《Journal of Combinatorial Optimization》2006,11(4):373-385
In this note we introduce a graph problem, called Maximum Node Clustering (MNC). We prove that the problem (which is easily
shown to be strongly NP-complete) can be approximated in polynomial time within a ratio arbitrarily close to 2. For the special case where the graph
is a tree, the problem is NP-complete in the ordinary sense; for this case we present a pseudopolynomial algorithm based on dynamic programming, and a
related Fully Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme (FPTAS). Also, the tree case is shown to be exactly solvable in
time, where n is the number of nodes. 相似文献