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161.
Leaf litter, by modifying microenvironmental conditions, can alter plant population distributions and is considered to be a major force in structuring many plant communities. Comparative studies of urban, suburban, and rural forests in the New York City (NYC) metropolitan area have identified numerous biotic and abiotic differences among these forests, including several involved in leaf litter decomposition. These differences in decomposition among the forests could result in differences in litter quantity on the forest floor and hence microenvironmental conditions and safe sites for germination of different plant species. We conducted a survey of forest floor leaf litter quantity in forests located along an urban-to-rural land-use gradient originating in urban NYC and extending to rural Connecticut. Mean litter depth, mass, and density increased significantly with increased distance of the forest from NYC.We also surveyed woody seedlings and compared the litter depth in which they naturally occurred to the mean litter depth of the surrounding forest. Seedlings of small-seeded species were much more likely to be located in litter shallower than mean forest litter depth than were seedlings of large-seeded species. Taken together, these results suggest that environmental changes associated with urbanization may have profound effects on long-term patterns of forest regeneration. 相似文献
162.
Topics in Microbial Risk Assessment: Dynamic Flow Tree Process 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Microbial risk assessment is emerging as a new discipline in risk assessment. A systematic approach to microbial risk assessment is presented that employs data analysis for developing parsimonious models and accounts formally for the variability and uncertainty of model inputs using analysis of variance and Monte Carlo simulation. The purpose of the paper is to raise and examine issues in conducting microbial risk assessments. The enteric pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 was selected as an example for this study due to its significance to public health. The framework for our work is consistent with the risk assessment components described by the National Research Council in 1983 (hazard identification; exposure assessment; dose-response assessment; and risk characterization). Exposure assessment focuses on hamburgers, cooked a range of temperatures from rare to well done, the latter typical for fast food restaurants. Features of the model include predictive microbiology components that account for random stochastic growth and death of organisms in hamburger. For dose-response modeling, Shigella data from human feeding studies were used as a surrogate for E. coli O157:H7. Risks were calculated using a threshold model and an alternative nonthreshold model. The 95% probability intervals for risk of illness for product cooked to a given internal temperature spanned five orders of magnitude for these models. The existence of even a small threshold has a dramatic impact on the estimated risk. 相似文献
163.
Evidence‐based Management in Practice: Opening up the Decision Process,Decision‐maker and Context 下载免费PDF全文
April L. Wright Raymond F. Zammuto Peter W. Liesch Stuart Middleton Paul Hibbert John Burke Victoria Brazil 《英国管理杂志》2016,27(1):161-178
Evidence‐based management (EBM) has been subject to a number of persuasive critiques in recent years. Concerns have been raised that: EBM over‐privileges rationality as a basis for decision‐making; ‘scientific’ evidence is insufficient and incomplete as a basis for management practice; understanding of how EBM actually plays out in practice is limited; and, although ideas were originally taken from evidence‐based medicine, individual‐situated expertise has been forgotten in the transfer. To address these concerns, the authors adopted an approach of ‘opening up’ the decision process, the decision‐maker and the context (Langley et al. ( 1995 ). ‘Opening up decision making: the view from the black stool’, Organization Science, 6, pp. 260–279). The empirical investigation focuses on an EBM decision process involving an operations management problem in a hospital emergency department in Australia. Based on interview and archival research, it describes how an EBM decision process was enacted by a physician manager. It identifies the role of ‘fit’ between the decision‐maker and the organizational context in enabling an evidence‐based process and develops insights for EBM theory and practice. 相似文献
164.
Margaret K. Nelson 《Rural sociology》1999,64(1):18-43
Abstract This paper combines three issues that have previously been considered separately: economic restructuring, gender, and participation in the informal economy. Drawing on two complementary data sets of interviews with the residents of a rural county, the paper first suggests that the participation in the informal economy is extensive. The second major finding is that households whose members have held on to “good” work in the formal economy participate in the informal economy in a different way than do households whose members are less fortunate. Third, the paper demonstrates that participation in the informal economy is highly differentiated by gender. Finally the intersections among location in the formal economy, gender, and informal economic activities are discussed. 相似文献
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Jayne Wright 《Child Abuse Review》2000,9(4):287-293
Social workers and medical professionals have an ambiguous relationship. Though expected to work together within the child protection regulations of the Children Act 1989, there are many tensions. In general, social workers and health visitors enjoy close working relationships, but tensions are frequently experienced as one proceeds higher up the medical hierarchy. The reasons for this may be numerous, but in practice may obstruct speedy action in detection and prevention of disease which is social in aetiology — yet all professionals have an important role. I hope to demonstrate this in the following case study, where ‘failure to thrive’ took 18 months to evidence but, without inter‐agency working, might have proved fatal to the child. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Erika Jiménez Vicky Brotherton Alison Gardner Nicola Wright Hannah Browne Nancy Esiovwa Minh Dang Emily Wyman Liana Bravo-Balsa Benjamin Lucas Mohsen Gul Elizabeth Such Zoe Trodd 《Children & Society》2023,37(1):216-234
This article discusses the unequal impact of Covid-19 on the lives of the children of survivors of modern slavery, child victims of exploitation and children at risk of exploitation in the UK. It draws on research that has analysed the risks and impacts of Covid-19 on victims and survivors of modern slavery. It explores how pandemic responses may have hindered these children's rights to education, food, safety, development and participation and representation in legal processes. It suggests that the pandemic should be used as an impetus to address inequalities that existed pre-Covid-19 and those that have been exacerbated by it. 相似文献
170.
Gaohong Dong David C. Hoaglin Bo Huang Ying Cui Duolao Wang Yu Cheng Margaret Gamalo-Siebers 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2023,22(4):748-756
The win odds and the net benefit are related directly to each other and indirectly, through ties, to the win ratio. These three win statistics test the same null hypothesis of equal win probabilities between two groups. They provide similar p-values and powers, because the Z-values of their statistical tests are approximately equal. Thus, they can complement one another to show the strength of a treatment effect. In this article, we show that the estimated variances of the win statistics are also directly related regardless of ties or indirectly related through ties. Since its introduction in 2018, the stratified win ratio has been applied in designs and analyses of clinical trials, including Phase III and Phase IV studies. This article generalizes the stratified method to the win odds and the net benefit. As a result, the relations of the three win statistics and the approximate equivalence of their statistical tests also hold for the stratified win statistics. 相似文献