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61.
It has been claimed that women experience fewer career opportunities than men do mainly because they are over-represented
in ‘Dead-end Jobs’ (DEJs). Using Swedish panel data covering 1.1 million employees with the same employer in 1999 and 2003,
measures of DEJ are empirically derived from analyses of wage mobility. The results indicate that women are over-represented
in DEJs, especially in the public sector. The findings are interesting from (a) a methodological viewpoint, as it is indicated
that the career opportunities associated with occupations can be indicated using one measure for both men and women, (b) the
glass ceiling perspective, which arguably under-emphasizes gender inequality in relation to low positions, and (c) a class
perspective, which basically ignores gender and sector in explaining career chances.
相似文献
Erik BihagenEmail: |
62.
Building upon token theory, this paper analyses coping behaviours of women in Science, Engineering and Technology (SET) through a professional identity perspective. It proposes that female scientists need to negotiate and balance conflicting aspects of their professional and gender identities throughout their career. A reconstructive biography analysis of Leitmotif and Gestalt of 15 life stories reveals that gender is the structuring element of the female scientists' self‐presentation. The paper presents two key cases which exemplify two alternative coping strategies: the women either use a similarity strategy, relying on full assimilation to the masculine norms in SET, or a difference strategy, highlighting their otherness and their struggle for equality. The in‐depth analysis reveals that both strategies cannot ‘break patterns', but instead leave the dominance of masculine norms in SET unchallenged. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
63.
This paper examines re-enrollment decisions taken by adults who have previously participated in the labor market in the US. We investigate the influence of social origin on re-enrollment and test hypotheses based on the “status reproduction” argument. We find that young adults from the lower classes re-enroll less often than those from the upper classes and that these differences can be attributed to a large extend to different ability or performance. Beyond the effects of social origin as such, we also scrutinize the effects of the child's class position relative to family status as a more direct implication of the “status reproduction” argument. Our analyses reveal that once young adults from higher status positions have reached their parents’ class, re-enrollment is somewhat less likely to occur. However, this effect of the child's relative class to the parents’ is rather weak. 相似文献
64.
A Qualitative Exploration of Coordinators' and Carers' Perceptions of the Healthy Eating,Active Living (HEAL) Programme in Residential Care
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65.
Clazien J. De Vos Mirjam Nielen Emelinda Lopez Armin R.W. Elbers Aldo Dekker 《Risk analysis》2010,30(4):605-618
Emergency vaccination is an effective control strategy for foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) epidemics in densely populated livestock areas, but results in a six‐month waiting period before exports can be resumed, incurring severe economic consequences for pig exporting countries. In the European Union, a one‐month waiting period has been discussed based on negative test results in a final screening. The objective of this study was to analyze the risk of exporting FMD‐infected pig carcasses from a vaccinated area: (1) directly after final screening and (2) after a six‐month waiting period. A risk model has been developed to estimate the probability that a processed carcass was derived from an FMD‐infected pig (Pcarc). Key variables were herd prevalence (PH), within‐herd prevalence (PA), and the probability of detection at slaughter (PSL). PH and PA were estimated using Bayesian inference under the assumption that, despite all negative test results, ≥1 infected pigs were present. Model calculations indicated that Pcarc was on average 2.0 × 10?5 directly after final screening, and 1.7 × 10?5 after a six‐month waiting period. Therefore, the additional waiting time did not substantially reduce Pcarc. The estimated values were worst‐case scenarios because only viraemic pigs pose a risk for disease transmission, while seropositive pigs do not. The risk of exporting FMD via pig carcasses from a vaccinated area can further be reduced by heat treatment of pork and/or by excluding high‐risk pork products from export. 相似文献
66.
Most recent studies on poverty and inequality in developed countries focus on income. In contrast, this paper presents trends
in consumption-based poverty and inequality in nine member countries of the European Union. During the 1980s, both poverty
and inequality increased in Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Belgium, while decreases in both poverty and inequality
are observed for Spain and Portugal. In Greece only inequality increased. For most countries for which income-based results
are available, these move in the same direction as the consumption-based results. However, this sensitivity analysis yields
considerable differences in the ranking of countries and the magnitude of the changes.
Received: 13 June 1997/Accepted: 29 February 2000 相似文献
67.
The authors consider a special case of inference in the presence of nuisance parameters. They show that when the orthogonalized score function is a function of a statistic S, no Fisher information for the interest parameter is lost by using the marginal distribution of S rather than the full distribution of the observations. Therefore, no information for the interest parameter is recovered by conditioning on an ancillary statistic, and information will be lost by conditioning on an approximate ancillary statistic. This is the case for regular multivariate exponential families when the interest parameter is a subvector of the expectation parameter and the statistic is the maximum likelihood estimate of the interest parameter. Several examples are considered, including the 2 × 2 table. 相似文献
68.
69.
This study examined the influence of role quality, relationship satisfaction, fatigue, and depression on women's sexuality during pregnancy and after childbirth. Questionnaire data were obtained from 138 women pregnant with their first child, of whom 104 responded at 12 weeks postpartum, and 70 responded at 6 months postpartum. Women reported significant reductions in sexuality during pregnancy and postpartum. Relationship satisfaction explained levels of sexual satisfaction during pregnancy, and was a predictor of sexual desire in the postpartum. Depression was an important predictor of reduced sexual desire and sexual satisfaction during pregnancy, and of reduced frequency of intercourse at 12 weeks postpartum. At 6 months postpartum, the quality of the mother role strongly related to measures of sexuality. Throughout the perinatal period, fatigue impacted on measures of sexuality, either directly or/and indirectly. The implications of these results in terms of the impact of pregnancy and childbirth on relationships and sexuality are discussed. 相似文献
70.
This study examined demographic, psychological, and relationship factors that are associated with the experience of sexual desire in women. The contribution of other aspects of sexual function on sexual desire was also investigated. The participants were 741 partnered heterosexual women (mean age = 45.7 years), who completed the Female Sexual Desire Questionnaire online, which evaluated their levels of sexual desire, as well as a range of individual and dyadic variables. For each of the six aspects of sexual desire assessed, the number and frequency of problems in other aspects of women's sexual functioning were the most common predictors. The results demonstrated that sexual desire was lower among older, postmenopausal women and those who had been in their current relationship for a longer period of time. Women who reported that their partner experienced a sexual dysfunction also obtained lower sexual desire scores. These findings demonstrate the strong interrelationship between the different phases of the sexual response cycle for women. Further, they suggest that sexual dysfunction in one partner is likely to be associated with sexual dysfunction in the other partner. The clinical implications of these findings in terms of the treatment for sexual dysfunction among women (and their partners) are discussed. 相似文献