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851.
This review summarises the research literature on children’s and parents’ involvement in social work decision making, which is regarded, in policy terms, as increasingly important. In practice, however, it tends to be messy, difficult and compromised. Different individuals or groups may have different understandings of participation and related concepts, while differences of age and disability also mediate effective user engagement. The literature highlights common themes in effective participatory practice with both children and their parents. Central to this are the establishment of relationships of trust and respect, clear communication and information and appropriate support to participate. 相似文献
852.
Although there is strong evidence that single physical, psychosocial and organisational risk factors are each independent predictors of low back symptoms (LBS), little is known about their combination/interaction, particularly in those working in developing countries. A total of 1294 Indonesian coal mining industry workers reported information about physical, psychosocial, and organisational factors using self-reported questionnaires and were placed into one of four combination exposure groups: 1) high physical (working with bent trunk; whole body vibration exposure; lifting) and high psychosocial (high effort; low reward; work stress), 2) high physical and low psychosocial, 3) low physical and high psychosocial, and 4) low physical and low psychosocial (as the reference group). The odds of LBS in the high physical and high psychosocial group was 5.15 times (95% confidence interval 2.69-9.86) that of the reference group. Psychosocial factors played a more important role than physical factors in increasing the likelihood of reporting LBS. Permanent and night shift workers were more likely to report LBS. These findings imply that efforts to reduce LBS in this workplace should address both psychosocial and physical factors but psychosocial factors should be the priority, with a special focus on permanent and night shift workers. 相似文献
853.
Everson MD Sandoval JM Berson N Crowson M Robinson H 《Journal of child sexual abuse》2012,21(1):72-90
In the absence of photographic or DNA evidence, a credible eyewitness, or perpetrator confession, forensic evaluators in cases of alleged child sexual abuse must rely on psychosocial or "soft" evidence, often requiring substantial professional judgment for case determination. This article offers a three-part rebuttal to Herman's (2009 ) argument that forensic decisions based on psychosocial evidence are fundamentally unreliable and that this conclusion represents settled science. The article also discusses the potentially adverse consequences of Herman's proposed reforms to forensic practice on child protection and prosecution efforts. 相似文献
854.
Natalia V. Czap Hans J. Czap Marianna Khachaturyan Gary D. Lynne Mark Burbach 《Journal of Socio》2012,41(5):642-653
This paper further tests dual interest theory and the metaeconomics approach to environmental choice, recognizing a possible role for empathy–sympathy (the basis for an internalized, shared other-interest) in tempering and conditioning the more fundamental tendency to pursue self-interest. To test, we focus on rivers flowing through agricultural areas carrying sediments, chemicals, and fertilizers which are making their way into downstream rivers and lakes. We conduct a framed laboratory experiment modeling this problem: farmers decide on the usage of conservation technology to lessen impacts on the water quality (i.e. on the commons, the capacity to absorb these wastes) in downstream areas, which is more costly than the alternative intensive technology. The results confirm our hypotheses, demonstrating that Upstream Farmers who practice conservation are tempering profit maximization with empathy-based, environmentally conscious behavior. Such behavior better serves the farmers’ own-interest, and also helps Downstream Water Users. Environmental economics models need to explicitly include empathy–sympathy and the moral–ethical context it produces, providing a more scientific basis for conservation policy and programs. 相似文献
855.
Gayane Novikova 《Transition Studies Review》2012,18(3):550-569
The post-Soviet space is fraught with multiple problems, risks and threats caused by unresolved conflicts. The vast majority
of these conflicts possess a strong ethno-political component that complicates all the conflict resolution attempts: neglect
of the role of ethnicity in interstate and intrastate conflicts can lead to overt conflict on the one hand and a deadlocked
situation in respect to all mediation on the other hand. This article focuses upon the role and impact of ethnicity factor
and the ways in which it is exploited and manipulated. The Nagorno Karabakh conflict serves as the major empirical case. 相似文献
856.
Giorgio Dominese 《Transition Studies Review》2012,18(3):487-497
The paper examines the policies, choices, structural reforms, regulatory rules, corporate and public administration matching
the world standards, openness, innovation, competitiveness, fulfillment of multilateral obligations, integration and regional
approach achievements and international relations conditionality in the “Global Governance and Geopolitics” of the main economic,
financial and policy issues, with special focus on the new regional approaches pursued by America, the European Union and
Asia and the role of the emerging and transition countries. After the US Dollar, now the Eurozone is under pressure and the
main Asian countries fear a contagion effect. While somebody proposes a slow devaluation of the Euro in order to soften the
public deficits of the group of most exposed countries and restore more competitiveness to the real economy, political leaders
are thinking to adopt indirectly the Euro two speeds operative monetary strategy, through the introduction of the majority
vote, instead of the full Members consensus, for the most important decisions at the ECB in Frankfurt. Aside these monetary
and institutional measures, the binding of the single national fiscal policy to more strict EU parameters of compatibility
with the Eurozone sustainability appear unavoidable. This paper represents the background of my lecture given on November
4 at the Beijing Forum 2011 “The Harmony of Civilizations and Prosperity for All: Tradition and Modernity, Transition and
Transformation” () at the PEK University. 相似文献
857.
Jan Van Bavel 《Demography》2010,47(2):439-458
Theory suggests that the field of study may be at least as consequential for fertility behavior as the duration and level
of education. Yet, this qualitative dimension of educational achievement has been largely neglected in demographic studies.
This article analyzes the mechanisms relating the field of study with the postponement of motherhood by European college-graduate
women aged 20–40. The second round of the European Social Survey is used to assess the impact of four features of study disciplines
that are identified as key to reproductive decision making: the expected starting wage, the steepness of the earning profile,
attitudes toward gendered family roles, and gender composition. The results indicate that the postponement of motherhood is
relatively limited among graduates from study disciplines in which stereotypical attitudes about family roles prevail and
in which a large share of the graduates are female. Both the level of the starting wage and the steepness of the earning profile
are found to be associated with greater postponement. These results are robust to controlling for the partnership situation
and the age at entry into the labor market. 相似文献
858.
Few studies have examined the effects of early life conditions on the timing of the onset of heart disease. We use the remarkable
example of a representative sample of the population of older Puerto Ricans aged 60– 74 who lived in the countryside during
childhood (n = 1,438) to examine the effects of seasonal exposures to poor nutrition and infectious diseases during late gestation on
the timing of the onset and the probability of ever experiencing adult heart disease. Cox and log logistic hazard models controlling
for childhood conditions (self-reported childhood health status and socioeconomic status [SES], rheumatic fever, and knee
height) and adult risk factors (adult SES, obesity, smoking, texercise, and self-reported diabetes) showed that the risk of
onset of heart disease was 65% higher among those born during high-exposure periods compared with unexposed individuals. However,
there were no significant differences in median time of onset for those ever experiencing heart disease. As a comparison,
we found that there were no significant seasonality effects for those who lived in urban areas during childhood. We conclude
that early exposures in utero have important ramifications for adult heart disease among the older Puerto Rican population.
We show, however, that while exposure is associated with the probability of ever experiencing adult heart disease, it is not
associated with the timing of onset among those who do experience it. 相似文献
859.
We find that Union Army veterans of the American Civil War who faced greater wartime stress (as measured by higher battlefield
mortality rates) experienced higher mortality rates at older ages, but that men who were from more cohesive companies were
statistically significantly less likely to be affected by wartime stress. Our results hold for overall mortality, mortality
from ischemic heart disease and stroke, and new diagnoses of arteriosclerosis. Our findings represent one of the first long-run
health follow-ups of the interaction between stress and social networks in a human population in which both stress and social
networks are arguably exogenous. 相似文献
860.
Many important questions and theories in demography focus on changes over time, and on how those changes differ over geographic
and social space. Space-time analysis has always been important in studying fertility transitions, for example. However, demographers
have seldom used formal statistical methods to describe and analyze time series of maps. One formal method, used widely in
epidemiology, criminology, and public health, is Knox’s space-time interaction test. In this article, we discuss the potential
of the Knox test in demographic research and note some possible pitfalls. We demonstrate how to use familiar proportional
hazards models to adapt the Knox test for demographic applications. These adaptations allow for nonrepeatable events and for
the incorporation of structural variables that change in space and time. We apply the modified test to data on the onset of
fertility decline in Brazil over 1960–2000 and show how the modified method can produce maps indicating where and when diffusion
effects seem strongest, net of covariate effects. 相似文献