Love,Marriage and the Division of Labor*

In this questionnaire study young engaged men and women were asked about the importance of love in marriage and the meaning of the concept “love.” Marital goals and criteria for mate choice were also explored. A highly consistent image of marriage as an institution in which to realize a comprehensive companionship with a partner of compatible temperament and life goals emerged. These findings have demonstrable implications for existing theoretical formulations concerning the dysfunctional aspects of the love marriage in contemporary American society in which it is contended that “romantic idealization” during courtship leads to a high incidence of dissatisfaction and disruption. Findings from numerous studies are assimilated to present an alternative explanation for marital conflict in the context of the modern division of labor in which the spheres of work and the family are poorly integrated, particularly in view of sharp role segregation by sex.     

TAKING IT PERSONALLY: ISSUES OF PERSONAL AUTHORITY AND COMPETENCE FOR THE FEMALE IN FAMILY THERAPY TRAINING*

The supervision and training of women requires thinking and planning about how to address issues women bring to the training process as a result of sex-role typing. Dependent behavior and attitudes are interactional problems that need to be overcome in a training process that leads to competency and creativity for therapists. Strategic supervision can benefit women by increasing their self-reliance, sense of personal authority, and competence.     

Offended Parties and Official Reactions: Victims and the Sentencing of Criminal Defendants*

Theory and research in the field of deviance have generally neglected private parties who find the deviance of others personally offensive and problematic. This paper examines the victim's participation in the processing of criminal deviants. Using data from a sample of convicted felons, it explores the extent to which the behavior and attributes of the victim affect the sanction imposed on the defendant. The results indicate that victim characteristics affect sanctioning, but that these effects are largely indirect, being mediated by the recommendations probation officers submit to sentencing judges. The implications of these findings are discussed.     

Children's feelings of school competence and perceptions of parents' work in four socio-cultural contexts

Associations between perceived qualities of parents' work and children's sense of competence were examined in four dual-earner family contexts differentiated by social class, ethnicity, and language background. Measures of perceived general academic and mathematical competence, knowledge of parents' work situations, and family background were group administered to 226 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders. In three dual-earner family contexts, as spillover models would predict, children who felt more academically competent described their mothers' and fathers' jobs as having more positive and fewer negative qualities. However, in the fourth (dual-earner laboring-class Spanish-speaking) context, children who felt more academically competent described mothers' jobs in the least favorable terms. Findings underscore the need to consider whether developmental processes operate differently in different socio-cultural contexts and to consider both the problems and positive possibilities that may arise from specific conditions of parents' work.     

Teenagers' reported interaction with grandparents: Exploring the extent of alienation

The perceived significance of grandparents in the lives of teenagers was explored. A sample of 225 predominately working class adolescents aged 13–18 years (X=15.48; SD=2.54) responded to a survey instrument that assessed the nature of their voluntary interaction with grandparents. Results challenged the assumption that teenagers view grandparents as playing confidant and companion roles in their lives. Adolescents were found to share regularly a variety of recreational activities with grandparents and expressed positive feelings about spending leisure time with grandparents. Findings also suggested that the onset of adolescence may result in a positive change in the nature of the grandchild-grandparent relationship. Future research was suggested which views the family as a system and explores the role parents play in determining the quality of teenagers' relations with grandparents.Mary Dellmann-Jenkins is Assistant Professor of Individual and Family Studies and Gerontology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. Dr. Dellmann-Jenkins earned her Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Diane Papalia is Professor of Child and Family Studies at the University of Wisconsin at Madison. She holds a Ph.D. from West Virginia University at Morgantown. Both authors are currently involved in research in the area of older adult's psychological and social functioning. Martha Lopez collected the data for the study. She is currently a high school home economics teacher.     

When is a family a family? Evidence from survey data and implications for family policy

This article examines the correspondence between common assumptions about the American family and actual patterns. The assessment is based on national data on individuals, households, and families. Findings indicate that the coresident nuclear model should be considereda model rather thanthe model of family. Past as well as current marital ties need to be considered in defining “family,” and divorce rather than death should be the expected cause of losing the main breadwinner in the family, except among elderly women. Parent-child ties to either young or adult children often span separate households. Coresidents can include individuals other than nuclear family members, and change rather than stability is the modal pattern in living arrangements. Rather than shaping concepts of the family from a single mold, policy makers and researchers are better advised to recognize the diversity and fluidity in family and household structures. Her major research interests include economics of the family, intergenerational transmission, intergenerational transfers, labor economics, and poverty and welfare. She received her Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Michigan in 1977.     

打造高效利用能源的供应链

随着能源价格、能源储备，以及气候变化等问题逐渐在全球范围内引起关注，越来越多的公司开始把注意力转向一个长久不为人重视，但能源消耗却是最为严重的地方——供应链。简单来说，供应链是一个集生产和分销于一体的网络，它包括原料采购、产品制造、运输、分销、消费和废物处理等各个环节。     

The social regulation of grief

This article explores the social regulation of grief as a function of normative criteria that assign differential social merit to different kinds of major relationship losses. Grief scholarship has been built largely on conventional assumptions about intimate attachment and its loss that overlook the possibility that the loss of an intimate other may not confer a socially legitimate right to grieve. This suggests the importance of understanding both the grief role and the subjective experience of grief itself as socially constructed. The social regulation of grief is examined in terms of the loss of de-moralized intimate relationships — those that are socially undervalued as well as those that are socially devalued, or stigmatized.