实证研究中股票投资收益率估算的若干问题

讨论了股票除权除息时投资收益率的４种计算方法及其等价性，分析了错误计算的原因，比较了一个时期内有多次除权除息时投资收益率的３种计算方法的异同，论述了数据缺失时几种处理方法的区别与联系。     

FOLLOW-UP SURVEY OF GRADUATES FROM ACCREDITED DEGREE-GRANTING MARRIAGE AND FAMILY THERAPY TRAINING PROGRAMS

This article reports the results of a mailed survey of 1980, 1983, and 1986 graduates (n = 205) from degree-granting marriage and family therapy training programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy Education. The graduates considered themselves (a) sufficiently to quite well prepared in marital/couple therapy, family therapy, and individual therapy with adults and (b) minimally to moderately well prepared in individual therapy with children and adolescents, individual diagnosis, and individual psychological assessment. The presenting problems for which graduates most strongly recommended increased emphasis in their MFT training program were alcoholism, other substance/drug abuse, incest/sexual abuse, and domestic violence.     

The New Zealand national survey of problem and pathological gambling

In New Zealand, awareness of gambling-related problems has increased in association with the legalization of new forms of gambling. This paper presents the methods and selected results from a national survey of gambling and problem gambling completed in New Zealand in 1991. While the primary aim of the study was to determine the extent of problem gambling in New Zealand, the study included a second phase intended to assess the validity and reliability of the widely-used South Oaks Gambling Screen as well as to examine other aspects of problematic involvement in gambling. The results of the two-phase study in New Zealand show that problem gamblers in different countries are remarkably similar in demographic terms as well as with regard to other risk factors associated with problematic gambling involvement. The New Zealand study of problem gambling points the way toward important research topics that will require further exploration in the future.This research was funded by the New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs and by the US National Institute of Mental Health (MH-44295).     

From the Editor: Peer Reviewing

Sociological Forum -     

Environmental Globalization,Organizational Form,and Expected Benefits from Protected Areas in Central America*

Abstract Environmental globalization has led to the implementation of conservation efforts like the creation of protected areas that often promote the interests of core countries in poorer regions. The creation of protected areas in poor areas frequently creates tensions between human needs like food and shelter and environmental conservation. Support for such conservation efforts partially depends on expectations of benefits by those impacted. This article considers the effects of different organizational models on local expectations of benefits to be derived from protected areas. Our analysis indicates that individuals are more likely to expect that benefits of the park go to other communities or the nation as a whole than to expect direct benefits for themselves. Forms of park organization also impact these expectations. Individuals exposed to the zoned park, as opposed to a conventional, strictly protected park, were more likely to expect benefits from the park regardless of the beneficiary considered. In addition, for those exposed to the zoned park, location of residence is related to expectation that individuals will benefit themselves. However, our interviews with park residents also indicate that the expectations of individual benefits are rarely met, creating potential dissatisfaction and sometimes animosity toward the park administration.     

Question Understanding Aid (QUAID): A Web Facility that Tests Question Comprehensibility

When respondents do not understand the meaning of a survey question,they will not supply valid and reliable answers. Survey methodologistsshould therefore benefit from computer tools and other analyticalschemes that help them identify problems with questions withrespect to comprehension difficulty. We developed a Web facilitycalled Question Understanding Aid (QUAID; www.psyc.memphis.edu/quaid.html)that assists survey methodologists in identifying problems withthe wording, syntax, and semantics of questions on questionnaires.The survey methodologist enters the question into the Web facility,along with any context information and answer alternatives thataccompany the question. QUAID quickly returns a list of potentialproblems with question comprehension, including unfamiliar technicalterms, vague or imprecise relative terms, vague or ambiguousnoun phrases, complex syntax, and working memory overload. Thisarticle describes QUAID and some empirical studies that haveassessed the validity and utility of QUAID’s critiquesof questions. The output of QUAID was compared with the judgmentsof experts in language, discourse, and cognition during thedevelopment of the tool. In one evaluation, expert survey methodologistscritiqued and revised problematic questions, whereas in a secondevaluation survey methodologists evaluated the quality of originalproblematic questions, questions revised with the assistanceof QUAID, and questions revised without QUAID. In a third evaluation,eye-tracking data were collected while respondents read questionson a computer screen and answered questions aloud. Respondentshad a tendency to give up processing difficult questions tooearly (called an early exit), which potentially threatens thevalidity of the respondents’ answers. Survey methodologistsare encouraged to use QUAID and further evaluate its validityand utility.