Models for Multi-site Problem Gambling Clinical Trials

Efficacy, effectiveness and outcome studies of problem gambling treatment are limited. Systemic barriers to the development of evidence-based treatments for problem gambling include but are not limited to: low sample sizes, heterogeneous samples, lack of protocol driven treatments, single site clinical trials, lack of replication of studies by independent investigators and high rates of nonspecific treatment response. Increased collaboration among problem gambling treatment providers and investigators is necessary to overcome the systemic barriers and establish evidence-based treatments for problem gambling. Established models for provider and research collaborations are available in the fields of mental health and addictions. Development of a multi-site gambling treatment research network would facilitate development of evidence-based treatments, but require funding for the development of common assessment measures, information systems, training programs and communication networks.     

God,family and money: Pacific people and gambling in New Zealand

Pacific people living in New Zealand are less likely to participate in gambling activities than the general population but those who do gamble are at greater risk of being problem gamblers. This difference remains when socio-economic variables are controlled for. To date, little research has investigated the reasons underlying these differences. The present exploratory study investigated Pacific people's thoughts about gambling through a series of focus groups involving 97 participants, including Pacific gamblers, non-gamblers, gambling venue workers, gambling treatment providers and church leaders. The results suggest that some Pacific people draw a distinction between ‘community’ and ‘commercial’ types of gambling, that gambling is understood by some to be an easy way in which to make money, and also that familial and church obligations can motivate gambling behaviour. These findings inform possible unique features of gambling in Pacific cultures in New Zealand and internationally. Moreover, together with the research approach the results inform further research on Pacific peoples' relationship with gambling, as well as those of other cultural groups.     

Metropolitan migration efficiency

The migration efficiency ratio of an area is defined as the net migration of the area (in-migrants minus out-migrants) divided by the total number of moves whose origin or destination is that area (in-migrants plus out-migrants) multiplied by 100. This paper investigates variations in migration efficiency from 1955 to 1960 among Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas with populations of 250,000 or more. Regional variation in migration efficiency was evident, ranging from an average of ?9.7 in the Northeast to 19.6 for SMSA’s in the Western region. Nonwhites tended to have higher migration efficiency than whites. Rapidly growing metropolitan areas had higher migration efficiency ratios than areas growing at a lower rate or losing population. The educational level of a metropolitan area, as measured by the percent of the population 25 years old or over with at least a high school education, was positively related to migration efficiency. The composition of the migrant population, both in- and outmigrants for a given area, was related to the value of the migration efficiency ratio. If the migrant population contained a large proportion of persons aged 20–34, migration efficiency was low, regardless of the direction of the major migration stream. Region was found to have a major effect. Variables that had a strong and positive relationship with migration efficiency in one region were usually found to have no relation, or a negative relation, with it in other areas. Obviously, further research is needed for the identification of factors producing these strong regional effects.     

A Probabilistic Analysis of the Passive–Restraint Question

The benefits and costs of automobile safety policies are compared using a methodology which explicitly quantifies the uncertainties. The policies addressed include both voluntary and compulsory manual belt usage, nondetachable passive (automatic) seat belts, and air bags. Estimates of the effectiveness and usage rates of these alternatives were obtained in the form of subjective probability distributions from eight experts. Their opinions were combined using equal weighting. The direct economic costs of the technologies were also estimated probabilistically. The number of lives saved and the net benefits of the policies were calculated probabilistically for a range of values of lifesaving. Probabilistic computations and sensitivity analysis were performed by the Demos modelling system using Monte Carlo simulation. The results are highly uncertain and quite sensitive to the value of lifesaving. Nevertheless, they imply that repeal of the passive-restraint standard is defensible according to the net-benefit criterion only if a relatively low value is assigned to lifesaving. The degree of uncertainty emphasizes the potential value of demonstration programs to obtain better information.     

Partisanship and Views about Immigration in Southern California: Just How Partisan is the Issue of Immigration?

ALLÉGEANCE PARTISANE ET POINTS DE VUE SUR L'IMMIGRATION EN CALIFORNIE DU SUD: LA QUESTION DE L'IMMIGRATION EST-ELLE ASSOCIÉE À UNE ATTITUDE PARTISANE ?
Étant donné les divisions partisanes qu'affichent les élites politiques sur la question de l'immigration, on peut s'attendre, sur ce même sujet, à voir l'attitude des masses reproduire les mêmes clivages. Nous étudions l'incidence de l'attitude partisane sur cette question en analysant les attitudes populaires à l'égard des immigrants en Californie, oú le regard porté sur l'immigration et les immigrants a été au centre de campagnes éminemment politiques. Pourtant, même en Californie, nous constatons que des types très différents d'électeurs partagent des préoccupations étonnamment semblables face à l'immigration. Nous nous intéressons tout particulièrement à la question de savoir si les démocrates et les républicains perçoivent de façon semblable ou différente l'incidence de l'immigration sur l'action des pouvoirs publics. Nous constatons que, comme on pouvait s'y attendre, les républicains ont davantage tendance à penser que l'immigration aura des effets néfastes sur les plans social et politique aux États-Unis, mais aussi que les démocrates tendent à partager les mêmes préoccupations. Cette tendance a pour conséquence que le Parti républicain - tout du moins en Californie - pourrait être en mesure d'utiliser la question de l'immigration pour obtenir l'adhésion de personnes qui soutiennent habituellement les candidates démocrates, censés être plus ouverts à l'égard des immigrants.     

From the Editor: Data: The Foundation on Which We Build

Sociological Forum -