Individual Differences in Infants’ Joint Attention Behaviors With Mother and a New Social Partner

Relations between infant–mother attachment security at 15 months and infants’ (N = 206) joint attention behaviors (a) with an experimenter at 8 and 15 months, and (b) with their mothers at 15 months were investigated. No concurrent or longitudinal relations were observed between attachment security and infants’ tendency to respond to an experimenter’s bids for joint attention. Higher levels of initiating joint attention with an experimenter at 15 months were associated with insecure‐avoidant attachment. Insecure‐avoidant attachment was also associated with lower scores for initiating high‐level joint attention behaviors (pointing, showing, and giving) with the mother at age 15 months. The fact that security‐related differences in initiating joint attention with an experimenter were observed only once the attachment relationship was consolidated suggests that (a) attachment security may influence infants’ active engagement with new social partners, and (b) insecure‐avoidant infants may compensate for reduced social contact with the caregiver by initiating more interaction with other social partners.     

Women's autonomy and timing of most recent sexual intercourse in Sub-Saharan Africa: a multi-country analysis

Since the 1994 Cairo International Conference on Population and Development, there has been increasing interest in promoting women's empowerment, particularly for sexual and reproductive health. Women's ability to negotiate the timing of intercourse with an intimate partner has not been extensively studied. This study explored the relationships between married women's autonomy and the time since most recent sexual intercourse in Ghana, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe using the Demographic and Health Surveys. Significant variation both within and between countries in the timing of most recent sex was found. A strong relationship between women's decision-making autonomy and time since last sexual intercourse in all six settings, even after controlling for factors such as the husband living elsewhere, age, marital duration, and other sociodemographic variables, was found. Men's decision-making autonomy was not associated with the time since last intercourse. Understanding how women's position in the household influences their sexual activity may be an essential piece in protecting the sexual rights of women and helping them to achieve a sexual life that is both safe and pleasurable.     

Using Methodological Search Filters to Facilitate Evidence-Based Social Work Practice

The process of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) requires clinical social workers to conduct systematic searches of academic databases in order to ascertain current best evidence and integrate this with client preferences/values and clinical state/circumstances. Yet social workers are often pressed for time, and searches for evidence disregarded as too time-consuming to conduct. There is hope. Searches of the literature can be more easily and quickly facilitated through the use of methodological search filters. This study introduces a new methodological search filter created especially for social care and evaluates the extent to which this and four other filters accurately and efficiently identify known social care effectiveness studies in two major scholarly databases (Psycinfo and Medline). Sensitivity, specificity, and a new metric for establishing efficiency (the AVALANCHE INDEX) are reported.     

HOW TIME FLIES:

We formulate a comprehensive theory that accounts for variation in the perception of time. According to our theory, lived time is perceived to pass slowly (protracted duration) when conscious information processing is high; lived time is perceived to be synchronized with clock time (synchronicity) when conscious information processing is moderate; and lived time is perceived to have passed quickly (temporal compression) when conscious information processing is low. We examine that portion of the theory concerning temporal compression in light of empirical materials. Since episodic memory erodes as time passes, we hypothesize that this generates the experience of temporal compression by lowering the density of conscious information processing. Our data were drawn from three different age cohorts, and we find strong support for the hypothesis.     

Unemployment classifications and subjective well-being

Further research on the impact of unemployment on workers and their families requires greater refinement and more precise measurement of the concept. While previous studies have indicated the effects of unemployment on a wide range of variables, such as health and well-being, many of these studies suffer from imprecision by conceptualizing unemployment too narrowly and by using too strict a dichotomy between currently employed and currently unemployed workers. This research effort attempts to broaden and refine the concept of unemployment by defining it in terms of two job dimensions: current employment status and previous job loss. Using this conceptualization, the authors find that current unemployment after other job losses may have more devastating effects on well-being than losing one's job for the first time. Similarly, among the currently employed, those who have lost jobs in the past may experience more emotional difficulties than those who have never lost their jobs.