Small-Sample Comparisons for Goodness-of-Fit Statistics in One-Way Multinomials with Composite Hypotheses

The small-sample behaviour of power-divergence goodness-of-fit statistics with composite hypotheses was evaluated with multinomial models of up to five cells and up to three parameters. Their performance was assessed by comparing asymptotic test sizes with exact test sizes obtained by enumeration in the near right tail, where 1-?∈?(0.90,?0.95], and in the far right tail, where 1-?∈?(0.95,?0.99]. The study addressed all combinations of power-diparse JAS312HH01.sgmvergence estimates of indices ν?∈?{-1/2,?0,?1/3,?1/2,?2/3,?1,?3/ 2} and power-divergence statistics of indices λ?∈?{-1/2,?0,?1/3,?1/2,?2/3,?1,?3/2}. The results indicate that the asymptotic approximation is sufficiently accurate (by the criterion that the average exact size is no larger than ±10% of the nominal asymptotic test size) in the near right tail when ν=0 and λ=1/2, and in the far right tail when ν=0 and λ=1/3, in both cases providing that the smallest expectation in the composite hypothesis exceeds 5. The only exception to this rule is the case of models that render a near-equiprobable composite hypothesis on the boundaries of the parameter space, where average exact sizes are usually quite different from nominal sizes despite the fact that the smallest expectation in these conditions is usually well above 5.     

Peru's coming baby boomlet

There are grounds for reconsidering the United Nations' population projections for Peru. These projections assume that fertility will continue to decline after 1990 in a smooth and uninterrupted manner, but they ignore several factors related to recovery from the economic and political crises of the 1980s that could significantly alter the pace of decline. The alternative projections we present consider the possibility that Peru's fertility decline will temporarily slow. This alternative hypothesis is conservative in the sense that increases in birth rates are not anticipated, but substantial differences in population size and age structure materialize nonetheless. Moreover, these differences have important implications for future planning in terms of the number of children needing primary health care and education and the number of young adults seeking first-time employment.The authors are grateful to Maryann Belanger, Luis Rosero-Bixby, and Anne Marie Wills for helpful comments, to Wayne Appleton for computer support, and to Terence Kelly for graphics design.     

Atribucion,Exito en la Tarea y Expectativas del Rol Sexual: Una Vision Critica del Modelo de Deaux

Resumen

Se presentan dos investigaciones en las que se estudian el efecto del sexo del sujeto, el sexo de la persona estímulo y el tipo de tarea sobre las atribuciones causales de éxito. En el estudio 1, a los sujetos experimentales se les describe una persona estímulo, hombre o mujer, que realiza una tarea (oposiciones) típicamente masculina o femenina. El estudio 2 es idéntico al anterior salvo en la forma de presentar el tipo de tarea. Los resultados obtenidos no apoyan el modelo de Deaux (1976) que ha sido adoptado por muchos autores, pero sugiere, en cambio, otras líneas de investigación de las atribuciones causales de éxito en la tarea.     

‘There is Nothing Here for Us..!’ How Girls Create Meaningful Places of Their Own Through Movement

This article focuses on how girls create places of meaning and opportunity through collective movement. It is based on an ethnographic study of the everyday experiences and mobility of 10–13 year old girls living in a suburb of Copenhagen, Denmark. 1 The girls ventured for a sense of freedom and a ‘place of their own’ to pursue their interests and social relationships. For some girls the creation of places where they felt ‘at home’ would entail breaking rules and transgressing spatial boundaries set by adults.     

Reconocimiento de emociones a partir de la expresión y el contexto: Una réplica

Resumen

En el presente estudio se examinan las contribuciones relativas de la expresión facial y el contexto situacional al reconocimiento de emociones. Tras la evaluación independiente de ambas fuentes de información, los sujetos juzgaron distintas combinaciones que variaban en su grado de congruencia. Aunque los resultados indican una preponderancia de la información expresiva sobre la situational en el juicio global, se señala la necesidad de nuevos diseños que permitan investigar el papel modulador del contexto sobre los juicios emocionales.     

The Interpretation of Multiracial Status and Its Relation to Social Engagement and Psychological Well-Being

This research examines how multiracial individuals chose to identify themselves with respect to their racial identity and how this choice relates to their self-reported psychological well-being (e.g., self-esteem, positive affect) and level of social engagement (e.g., citizenship behaviors, group alienation). High school students who belong to multiple racial/ethnic groups (N = 182) were asked to indicate the group with which they primarily identify. Participants were then classified as identifying with a low-status group (i.e., Black or Latino), a high-status group (i.e., Asian or White), or multiple groups (e.g., Black and White, etc.). Results showed that, compared with multiracial individuals who identified primarily with a low- or high-status group, those who identified with multiple groups tended to report either equal or higher psychological well-being and social engagement. Potential explanations and implications for understanding multiracial identity are discussed.     

Spanish version of the Parenting Sense of Competence scale: Evidence of reliability and validity

Perceived parenting competence influences parenting practices and is a decisive factor in child development and health. There is a lack of valid and reliable tools in Spain to measure perceived parenting competence. The objective was to adapt the Parenting Sense of Competence scale (PSOC) and analyse its psychometric properties in a sample of 600 mothers of children aged between 6 and 12 months old from Spain. The PSOC was translated into Spanish (PSOC‐E) using a standard forward‐ and back‐translation process. Internal consistency, factor structure, and comparisons between known groups and correlations with other variables were assessed. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the original two‐factor structure: satisfaction and efficacy. The PSOC‐E showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .85). Perceived parenting competence was negatively associated (P < .01) with parental depression, fatigue, and parental stress and positively associated (P < .01) with dyadic adjustment. An equivalent Spanish version of the PSOC was obtained with good evidence of reliability and validity.     

Evaluation of the Productivity Decrease Risk Due to a Future Increase in Tropical Cyclone Intensity in Japan

A number of scientists have recently conducted research that shows that tropical cyclone intensity is likely to increase in the future. This would result in an increase in the damage along with a decrease in economic productivity due to precautionary cessation of the economic activity of the affected areas during the passage of the cyclone. The economic effect of this stop in economic activity is a phenomenon that has not received much attention in the past, and the cumulative effect that it can have on the Japanese economy over the next 75 years has never been evaluated. The starting point for the evaluation of the economic risks is the change in the patterns of tropical cyclone intensity suggested by Knutson and Tuleya.⁽ 1 ⁾ The results obtained show how a significant decrease in the overall productivity of the country could be expected, which could lower GDP by between 6% and 13% by 2085.     

Ranking opportunity profiles through dependent evaluation of policies

Rankings to evaluate opportunity distributions present in most of the literature judge a policy (change from one distribution of opportunities to another) on the basis of the changes created and, thus, independently of the original situation. This paper proposes a group of axioms capturing the idea that rankings of equality of opportunities might consider not only the changes promoted, but also the initial situation in society. The combination of this group of axioms with other well-established properties enables us to characterize two families of new opportunity distribution rankings. The first family weighs each individual’s percentage share in the total number of opportunities, while the second weighs opportunities depending on how many agents have them available.     

The Role of Physical Context,Verbal Skills,Non‐parental Care,Social Support,and Type of Parental Discipline in the Development of ToM Capacity in Five‐Year‐Old Children

The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of family context on the performance of 5‐year‐old children (N = 70) in theory of mind (ToM) tasks. The children's performances were assessed during individual sessions held at school. Children's verbal skills were assessed using the Peabody picture vocabulary test (PPVT). Interviews were also conducted with parents in the family home in order to gather sociodemographic data and to assess diverse variables of the family context. In addition to confirming the important role played by children's verbal skills in ToM, the results also supported a potential influence of family context in ToM development through variables, such as quality of non‐parental care or level of social contact and support. The educational implications of these results are discussed in relation to family intervention.