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121.
C.J. Lloyd 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》1988,30(1):35-46
We review the 40 year old controversy over the correct analysis of 2×2 tables. It is argued that conditioning on all marginal totals is appropriate by examining the likelihood based on these margins and secondly by comparing conditional and unconditional evaluations of certain specific outcomes. Several foundational issues which naturally arise are also discussed. 相似文献
122.
Mike Jacroux 《Journal of statistical planning and inference》1985,11(3):385-398
In this paper, we investigate the problem of determining block designs which are optimal under type 1 optimality criteria within various classes of designs having υ treatments arranged in b blocks of size k. The solutions to two optimization problems are given which are related to a general result obtained by Cheng (1978) and which are useful in this investigation. As one application of the solutions obtained, the definition of a regular graph design given in Mitchell and John (1977) is extended to that of a semi-regular graph design and some sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of a semi-regular graph design which is optimal under a given type 1 criterion. A result is also given which shows how the sufficient conditions derived can be used to establish the optimality under a specific type 1 criterion of some particular types of semi- regular graph designs having both equal and unequal numbers of replicates. Finally,some sufficient conditions are obtained for the dual of an A- or D-optimal design to be A- or D-optimal within an appropriate class of dual designs. 相似文献
123.
Negative binomial and Poisson distributions are fitted to data on scores in Association Football for the seasons 1946–47 to 1983–84. There are strong grounds for preferring the negative binomial up to 1970; thereafter the Poisson seems adequate. Simplification is achieved by fitting the negative binomial with a common parameter. The analyses are set in the context of previous applications and interpretations in the area. Different models giving rise to the negative binomial or Poisson are investigated and some support found for models not previously advanced in this context. Notwith-standing the success of such exercises some scepticism is expressed about the interpretations placed on previous analyses. 相似文献
124.
125.
C. J. Lloyd 《Australian & New Zealand Journal of Statistics》1985,27(3):264-272
The process of recovery of information proceeds by conditioning on ancillaries which are part of the minimal sufficient statistic (MSS), so-called internal ancillaries. This is motivated by the notion that ancillaries function as precision indices. In some cases the ancillary can itself replace the sample size entirely in the model. It is decided that such ancillaries must be conditioned on if one of the sufficiency or conditionality principles is not to be violated. 相似文献
126.
127.
Mike Murphy 《Revue europeenne de demographie》1996,12(4):363-381
Event history models for aggregate units such as households are complicated by the fact that such entities do not have a well-defined identity through time. The difficulties of applying conventional transition-based models to household change are discussed. More generally, what constitutes time and change are also considered. It is argued that many changes occurring within households such as leaving home are better-considered as fuzzy than crisp phenomena. An alternative perspective based on household change considered as an evolving network is proposed. The implications for sample designs which are designed to track explicithousehold dynamics (such as the Panel Study on Income Dynamics) are discussed. The ways in which particular forms of analysis come to dominate the scientific literature, including those for analysing household change is discussed in relation to non-linear dynamic models. Finally, it is argued that there would be considerable benefits if insights available from the physical, mathematical and biological sciences were to be more widely incorporated within technical demography.Les modèles d'analyse biographique d'unités agrégées, telles que les ménages, sont complexes, car ces entités ne peuvent être définies avec précision au cours du temps. Nous discutons ici les difficultés d'appliquer les modèles habituels basés sur des transitions, aux changements connus par les ménages. Plus généralement, nous analysons ce qui constitue «le temps» et le «changement». Nous montrons ainsi que de nombreux changements connus par les ménages, tels que la décohabitation, sont mieux saisis comme des évévements «flous» plutôt que comme des événements ponctuels. Nous proposons dès lors une autre perspective, basée sur les changements survenus dans des réseaux en évolution. Nous en discutons les implications sur les méthodes d'échantillonnage destinées à tracer l'évolution explicite des ménages (telles que l'étude par panel sur l'évolution des revenus). Les façons selon lesquelles certaines formes d'analyse en viennent à avoir une position dominante dans la littérature scientifique, y compris celles qui permettent l'analyse des changements dans les ménages, sont discutées en liaison avec les modèles dynamiques non-linéaires. Finalement, nous montrons qu'il y a des avantages importants à ce que des approches suivies dans les sciences physiques, mathématiques et biologiques, soient plus largement introduites dans les techniques d'analyse démographique. 相似文献
128.
Mike Partner 《Social Work Education》2013,32(2):20-21
This article reviews the experience of a two year post-graduate CQSW course in organising the first year placement as a cluster in which six or seven students are placed in different social work agencies but in the same geographical area. It outlines the advantages of this model of placement planning and practice teaching for students, practice teachers, student units, and college tutors. Particular attention is drawn to the support and stability offered to students and to the opportunity to demonstrate links between theory and practice in the teaching of community social work. It is suggested that this model may provide one way in which student units might develop as training resources for the local area, and help the development of closer collaboration between agencies and colleges. 相似文献
129.
Adinda Dujardin Rudi De Raedt Jessica L. Borelli Caroline Braet Pieter Vos Mike Rinck Guy Bosmans 《Social Development》2019,28(2):364-382
In this study we investigated the effects of seeking versus avoiding proximity to mother on children’s emotional recovery from a stressor. Sixty children 9–12 years underwent a moodinduction procedure and were randomly assigned to seek proximity from or avoid an image of their mothers. The effect of this manipulation on children’s self‐reported negative emotions, skin conductance and heart rate variability (respiratory sinus arhythmia) was assessed. Higher levels of attachment anxiety were linked to more self‐reported sadness when children had to avoid mother, but no evidence for such an effect was found on a physiological level. For avoidant attachment, a similar pattern of results emerged, but both for self‐reported sadness and skin conductance. 相似文献
130.
Gary D. Clewley Kate E. Plummer Robert A. Robinson Clare H. Simm Mike P. Toms 《Urban Ecosystems》2016,19(2):535-546
The proliferation of artificial lighting at night is one of the key anthropogenic changes associated with urbanised areas as well as some non-urban areas. Disruption to natural light/dark regimes can have considerable effects on the timing of different behaviours of birds, particularly during the breeding season. However, the effect of artificial lights on the timing of behaviours during winter has received relatively little attention, despite the fact that time partitioning of foraging can have implications for avian winter survival. In this study, we assess at a landscape scale during winter, whether birds arrive at feeding stations earlier in areas with increased levels of artificial lighting using data from a citizen science project. Arrival times of the ten most commonly recorded species were associated with a combination of the density of artificial lights, temperature, rainfall and urban land cover. We found no evidence that birds advance the onset of foraging in gardens with more artificial lights nearby; contrary to our prediction, birds generally arrived later into these areas. This is possibly a response to differences in food availability or predation risk in areas with more artificial lights. We conclude that artificial light at night may not be as important for driving the timing of foraging behaviour in winter as previously thought, but it remains to be seen whether this represents a missed opportunity to extend the foraging period or an adaptive response. 相似文献