This paper presents a model for the role of the evaluator in which the evaluator acts as a Program Consultant who operates in three domains: Program Development, Planned Change, and Evaluation Technology. This permits the performance of evaluations that have greater validity and utility. The model is presented both from the theoretical perspective of linkage and from the context of the evaluation of a Case Management program operated by a Community Action Agency. Each of the domains is discussed with examples from the Case Management Evaluation. The paper concludes with a discussion of the contexts in which the model is best applied. 相似文献
For many years the Theory of Perceived Risk has been used to explain consumers' behaviour. One area of interest is the relationship between loss types and the use of risk relievers. Problems with trying to measure the relationship encourage the use of indirect methods. Data on four loss types and 14 risk relievers were collected for 24 products and services and a regression model was used to reveal the relationship between loss types and risk relievers. The constants in the equations altered across products, while the slopes remained the same. The evidence suggests that the model used was incompletely specified and that further testing is necessary. 相似文献
This paper looks back over a period of twenty years at the issues surrounding the introduction of race equality policies. The author has worked in a variety of roles in education. Policy development in a comprehensive school is explored from the head teachers perspective; introducing teachers in initial training to race equality is explored from the senior tutor's perspective; introducing policies into two local authorities is explored from the perspective of the Chief Inspector and the Director of Education.
In the period covered, from 1977 to the present day, race equality has moved from being a high profile subject to being marginalised by government initiatives which have included the introduction of national curriculum accompanied by extensive testing. The paper analyses how race equality might be put at the centre of the education agenda. There are lessons to be learned from the experiences gained inpursuing race equality in the 1970's and 1980's. This paper shows how different sectors of the education service can learn from these lessons. Policy initiatives, the paper argues, must be part of mainstream education. They must be judged by how far the policies contribute to improving the educational achievements of ethnic minority pupils in mainstream education. 相似文献
Despite widespread adoption of servant leadership, we are only beginning to understand its true utility across multiple organizational levels. Our purpose was to test the relationship between personality, servant leadership, and critical follower and organizational outcomes. Using a social influence framework, we proposed that leader agreeableness and extraversion affect follower perceptions of servant leadership. In turn, servant leaders ignite a cycle of service by role-modeling servant behavior that is then mirrored through coworker helping behavior and high-quality customer service, as well as reciprocated through decreased withdrawal. Using a multilevel, multi-source model, we surveyed 224 stores of a U.S. retail organization, including 425 followers, 110 store managers, and 40 regional managers. Leader agreeableness was positively and extraversion was negatively related to servant leadership, which was associated with decreased follower turnover intentions and disengagement. At the group-level, service climate mediated the effects of servant leadership on follower turnover intentions, helping and sales behavior. 相似文献
There is much social gerontological research suggesting that the aged in our society constitute a minority group or separate stratum. This separateness, in combination with a lack of a clear conception of the elderly role, has led to a preponderance of stereotyped images of the elderly. A mailed questionnaire was returned by 224 retirees of a large utility company in the Southwest and provided a data base to test a conceptual model of the dynamics of the process of acceptance or denial of age‐appropriate behavioral expectations. The model, grounded in the reference group theoretical approach, was concerned expressly with the operationalization of factors thought to influence whether the elderly accept age‐appropriate behavioral expectations as pertinent to their life situation. Whether the people in this particular population accept others' expectations for their behavior was found to be affected by their perception of the expectations of family members and friends and whether the respondents characterized themselves as subject to age‐related shortcomings. In addition, friends were found to be a more salient reference group in conveying age‐appropriate behavioral expectations than family members. The analysis provided general support for the reference group approach and suggested a broader application of the concept in the gerontological literature. 相似文献
A grassroots social service organization's successful use of Afrocentric ideas, theories, and frameworks in its programs and services illustrates that many African Americans respond more readily to human and social services interventions that value and understand their historical experiences and include their cultural influences as “protective factors” in social service interventions. This article describes how the Community Empowerment Association's programs and services are designed to be culturally proficient by holding African customs, ethos, history, mores, society, and traditions in high esteem. 相似文献
Urban Ecosystems - Urban environments have become an unexpected and promising avenue for pollinator conservation. One group of pollinators, bumble bees, might be especially well suited to utilize... 相似文献