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931.
Trevelyan B Smallman-Raynor M Cliff AD 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society)》2005,168(4):701-722
Summary. The great epidemic of poliomyelitis which swept New York City and surrounding territory in the summer of 1916 eclipsed all previous global experience of the disease. We draw on epidemiological information that is included in the seminal US Public Health Bulletin 91, 'Epidemiologic studies of poliomyelitis in New York City and the northeastern United States during the year 1916' (Washington DC, 1918), to re-examine the spatial structure of the epidemic. For the main phase of transmission of the epidemic, July–October 1916, it is shown that the maximum concentration of activity of poliomyelitis occurred within a 128-km radius of New York City. Although the integrity of the poliomyelitis cluster was maintained up to approximately 500 km from the metropolitan focus, the level and rate of propagation of disease declined with distance from the origin of the epidemic. Finally, it is shown that the geographical transmission of the epidemic in north-eastern USA probably followed a process of mixed contagious–hierarchical diffusion. 相似文献
932.
933.
Michael D. Lucas 《Journal of Labor Research》1997,18(1):55-64
The author was exposed to his first organizing campaign in 1955 while working for Solomon & Durham Construction Company, a
contractor out of Quincy, Florida performing a job in the Ft. Walton Beach area. In 1956 he was initiated as a member of the
International Hod Carriers', Building and Common Laborers' Union of America, Construction and General Laborers Local 741,
while working in Indiana for H. C. Price Construction Company, a contractor out of Bartlesville, Oklahoma. In 1959 he became
a member of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers (IBEW) and, in the ensuing years, a salt, local union officer,
organizer, International Representative, Director of Organizing and, finally, Executive Assistant to the International President.
During this period he earned a BS in Labor Studies from Antioch University. He left the employ of the IBEW in September 1995
but remains active in its affairs.
Beginning in the late 1970s, he developed the construction organizing tactic we now know as “salting” which he taught in continuing
seminars under the imprimatur of the Building & Construction Trades Department, AFL-CIO; New England Construction Organizing
Committee; and the George Meany Center for Labor Studies. It was during this period that he wrote the “salting resolution”
which was eventually condemned by the Eighth Circuit Court but resurrected by the Supreme Court in Town & Country Electric1.
In the summer 1995 volume of the Labor Studies Journal, published by the University and College Labor Education Association
in cooperation with Transactional Periodicals Consortium — Rutgers University, Jeffrey Grabelsk2 holds that the author is
“considered by many to be a pioneer of contemporary construction organizing.” 相似文献
934.
Stephen D. Whitney M.S. Emiko A. Tajima Ph.D. Todd I. Herrenkohl Ph.D. Bu Huang Ph.D. 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2006,23(3):316-342
This study investigated child welfare practitioners’ ratings of the severity of parental discipline practices. Ratings varied by the type of act, age of the child, and by chronicity. Exploratory investigation into changes across time found that current practitioners (N = 27) rated several practices (e.g. spanking and shaking) as more severe than did professionals (N = 24) sampled in 1977. Results underscore the complexity of defining child maltreatment and offer implications for practitioners, applied researchers, and child welfare policy makers.The authors Stephen D. Whitney, Emiko A. Tajima, Todd I. Herrenkohl, and Bu Huang are affiliated with the School of Social Work, University of Washington.Work on this project is supported by funds from the Social Work Prevention Research Center, School of Social Work, University of Washington (National Institute of Mental Health Grant R24MH56599, Lewayne Gilchrist, PI) and by the University of Washington Royalty Research Fund. 相似文献
935.
Brian R. Spisak Allen E. Grabo Richard D. Arvey Mark van Vugt 《The Leadership Quarterly》2014,25(5):805-816
The current contribution extends theorizing on leadership and the exploration–exploitation dilemma using an evolutionary perspective. A theoretical connection is made between the exploration–exploitation dilemma and age-biased leadership preferences for exploratory change versus stable exploitation. For the majority of human evolution our species was semi- or entirely nomadic and the trade-off between exploration versus exploitation had substantial physical- and experience-based requirements which align with leadership opportunities as moderated by age. Thus, given the consistency and importance of correctly assigning leadership for the exploration–exploitation dilemma, human evolution has likely selected for age-biased leadership endorsement. Across three experiments we find that younger-looking leaders are endorsed for times of exploratory change and older-looking leaders for stable exploitation. Further, our results indicated that older leaders are endorsed for leading conservative exploitation of nonrenewable resources and younger leaders for exploration of renewable alternatives (i.e., green leadership). The results introduce an age-biased leadership endorsement hypothesis. 相似文献
936.
937.
The subset sum problem is a well-known NP-complete problem in which we wish to find a packing (subset) of items (integers) into a knapsack with capacity so that the sum of the integers in the packing is at most the capacity of the knapsack and at least a given integer threshold. In this paper, we study the problem of reconfiguring one packing into another packing by moving only one item at a time, while at all times maintaining the feasibility of packings. First we show that this decision problem is strongly NP-hard, and is PSPACE-complete if we are given a conflict graph for the set of items in which each vertex corresponds to an item and each edge represents a pair of items that are not allowed to be packed together into the knapsack. We then study an optimization version of the problem: we wish to maximize the minimum sum among all packings in a reconfiguration. We show that this maximization problem admits a polynomial-time approximation scheme, while the problem is APX-hard if we are given a conflict graph. 相似文献
938.
Given the increased public interest in the use and misuse of power in multinationals in the aftermath of the financial crisis, it is notable that power relations in multinational corporations (MNCs) have not gained enhanced attention in the academic community. What is missing so far in the study of MNCs is a systematic examination of how power and politics within MNCs have been addressed in mainstream international business (IB) and sociological research studying the MNC. This paper starts by critically reviewing these two mainstream approaches in the study of MNCs as organizations and seeking to understand the shortcomings of former research. Next, it reviews new emergent critical perspectives, which the authors call socio‐political studies of MNCs, where power and politics are addressed not just more prominently, but also differently, from a more bottom‐up and actor‐centred perspective. After reviewing this emergent stream of research, the authors propose that future studies should take a more micro‐political perspective and focus in more detail on the micro‐foundations of power relations. In the concluding section, the authors show how future studies of MNCs can learn from both critical interactionist and discursive theories when analysing organizational politics and power relations. A framework is proposed for the study of micro‐level political game‐playing in MNCs, based on a three‐dimensional framework for organizational power (episodic, rules of the game and domination), and some key research questions for future studies are suggested. 相似文献
939.
940.