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81.
M Andrews 《Journal of Aging Studies》2012,26(4):386-393
This essay argues that how we view our own old age is highly influenced by socially pervasive, though never explicit, expectations regarding old age as a generic category. I idenfiy four key expectations - the right to an old age; the idea that being old means being endowed with certain (positive or negative) characteristics; the fragmented relationship between the phases of life; and the assumption of the a-social nature of the aging process - and explore the sometimes contradictory ways in which these impact upon our own journeys through the life course. 相似文献
82.
Sequential case series analysis for pharmacovigilance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mounia N. Hocine Patrick Musonda Nick J. Andrews C. Paddy Farrington 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, (Statistics in Society)》2009,172(1):213-236
Summary. The self-controlled case series method is used to evaluate drug safety, particularly the safety of paediatric vaccines with respect to rare adverse reactions. We propose a group sequential version of the method for prospective surveillance of drug safety. We focus on the surveillance of new vaccines. We develop methods that are based on the sequential probability ratio test applied at predetermined surveillance intervals, using both simple and composite alternative hypotheses. We investigate the properties of the methods analytically in a simple setting and by simulations in more realistic scenarios. The methods are applied to data on influenza vaccine and Bell's palsy, and to data on measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and bleeding disorders. 相似文献
83.
Jason St. Mary Molly Calhoun Jacqueline Tejada Jeffrey M. Jenson 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2018,35(5):499-509
Research focusing on disparities in academic achievement among Black, African American, and other youth has largely examined differences in quantitative risk and protective factors associated with levels of achievement. Few interpretive studies of academic achievement by race or ethnicity have considered how the context of young people’s lives impact their perceptions of academic performance. Furthermore, the lived experiences of Black and African American youth have rarely been considered. This study examined perceptions of academic achievement among a sample of Black and African American elementary and middle school students living in four public housing neighborhoods in a Western US city. Twenty-five Black and African American youth participated in the study. Fourteen youth were in grades 4 and 5, and 11 youth were in grades 6, 7, or 8. Sixty-four percent of participants (n?=?16) were male and 36% (n?=?9) were female. Four themes emerged regarding participants’ perceptions of academic achievement: (1) (in)equity and the internalization of messages; (2) teachers as gatekeepers; (3) family and community factors promoting and inhibiting academic success; and (4) cultural considerations—language, stereotypes, and difference. Implications for improving academic outcomes and reducing the achievement gap among Black, African American, and other students are noted. 相似文献
84.
Allison N. Ponce Molly Brown Alison Cunningham Michael Rowe 《Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless》2018,27(2):126-134
This article concerns a SAMHSA-funded service intervention, Pathways to Independence, that combined the use of SAMHSA’s SSI/SSDI Outreach, Access, and Recovery approach to facilitating disability entitlement claims with financial management classes, mental health assessment and referral, and access to employment and housing for people experiencing chronic homelessness. The purpose of this study was to explore perceptions of this form of service delivery and the benefits and challenges of the program model from the perspective of those who experienced it. Focus groups were conducted with a total of 17 program stakeholders, including program participants, program staff, collaborating case management staff of the parent agency, and a landlord and an employer, with questions to each regarding the program and its impact. Focus groups were analyzed through independent coding followed by discussion to reach consensus on key themes. Five themes were identified across the groups: (a) the importance of relationships, (b) staff specialization and provision of individualized services, (c) an orientation to outcomes, (d) comprehensiveness of services and facilitation of connections to community resources, and (e) systems challenges. The Pathways to Independence program provides a working model for integrated employment, entitlement assessment and application, housing, and behavioral health treatment for persons experiencing chronic homelessness. 相似文献
85.
Helen Z. Reinherz Rose M. Giaconia Angela D. Paradis Caitlin Novero Molly K. Kerrigan 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2008,25(6):517-530
This study examined whether potentially modifiable health-promoting family factors during mid-adolescence (age 15) predicted
adaptive functioning in late adolescence (age 18) among members of a working-class community cohort. Family factors included
feeling valued in the family, cohesion, and social support. Late adolescent outcomes covered developmentally salient areas:
academic functioning; mental health; suicidal behavior; and social, psychological, and behavioral functioning. Our findings
demonstrate that a positive adolescent family milieu is related to both adaptive outcomes and a reduced likelihood of serious
difficulties, including mental and behavior problems. Although each hypothesized health-promoting factor was significantly
associated with multiple areas of age 18 functioning, the patterns of association differed by type of family factor. Taken
together, results suggest that the family remains an important social context during mid-adolescence and that to be most effective
programs designed by practitioners aimed at strengthening families should target multiple features of the family environment. 相似文献
86.
Donald W. K. Andrews Marcelo J. Moreira James H. Stock 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2006,74(3):715-752
This paper considers tests of the parameter on an endogenous variable in an instrumental variables regression model. The focus is on determining tests that have some optimal power properties. We start by considering a model with normally distributed errors and known error covariance matrix. We consider tests that are similar and satisfy a natural rotational invariance condition. We determine a two‐sided power envelope for invariant similar tests. This allows us to assess and compare the power properties of tests such as the conditional likelihood ratio (CLR), the Lagrange multiplier, and the Anderson–Rubin tests. We find that the CLR test is quite close to being uniformly most powerful invariant among a class of two‐sided tests. The finite‐sample results of the paper are extended to the case of unknown error covariance matrix and possibly nonnormal errors via weak instrument asymptotics. Strong instrument asymptotic results also are provided because we seek tests that perform well under both weak and strong instruments. 相似文献
87.
Research on infants' perception and memory for social information are discussed with respect to the concept of ecological validity. We argue that the use of dynamic, multimodal displays in familiar contexts is critical to understanding infants' developing perception. We also discuss the importance of generalizing appropriately from experimental to real‐world contexts and of using converging methods in the investigation of infants' capabilities. 相似文献
88.
Using a new analytic approach, construct validity estimates are developed for proposed social indicators of self-reported well-being. Two separate investigations are reported: the first involves data on six aspects of well-being each assessed by six methods from 222 adults in one geographic area; the second, a partial replication and extension, involves a more limited set of indicators measured on a sample of 1297 respondents representative of all American adults. The results provide evidence that perceptions of well-being can be measured by single questionnaire or interview items using any of four formats with validities in the range of 0.7 to 0.8 and with correlated method effects contributing less than 10% of the total variance. Two other formats, however, were markedly less valid. These findings are important in view of past criticisms of ‘subjective’ social indicators as lacking in validity, and the findings can guide current efforts to develop new ways to assess the quality of life. Methodologically, the article illustrates the feasibility and utility of deriving parameter estimates of structural equation models of multimethod-multitrait data using Joreskog's LISREL algorithm. The possibility of deriving validity estimates in this way, even when the data include correlated errors, opens new and important opportunities to precisely assess the amount of error variance in much social science data. 相似文献
89.
本文利用北京老龄化多维纵向研究数据,对北京老年人的成功老龄化状况进行了分析.分析结果表明,年龄、性别、受教育程度和家庭经济状况等因素影响着成功老龄化.属于成功老龄化范畴的老年人主要是低年龄、男性、受教育时间长、拥有较多家庭财产或月收入的老年人.上述因素并不只对某一个年龄组产生影响,它们对老年的各个阶段都有影响.年龄的增长与老年人身体、心理和社会功能有着紧密的联系,在控制了年龄、性别、教育和收入变量之后,老年人之间的差异依然存在. 相似文献
90.
Configurational theories assume that organizational form has important implications for the degree of alignment between top
and middle management on strategic priorities. Taken in combination, the structure, process and environment of an organization
are thought to have a deep pervasive influence on top management’s attempts to achieve the coordination and control required
to attain organizational goals. The preliminary analysis described in this article employs fuzzy c-means clustering to explore the relationship between middle managers’ perceptions of organizational form and strategic alignment
within a large local authority. The results illustrate that the clustering of managers’ perceptions of organizational structure,
process and environment reflect three organizational archetypes: machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy and professional
adhocracy. Statistically significant differences in the degree of strategic alignment between each of these organizational
forms are then examined to validate the established clustering. Finally, conclusions are drawn on the theoretical and practical
implications of the findings. 相似文献