Analysis of the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Maternal Cohort Study: Evidence for Direct Maternal Transmission

In an initial exploratory analysis of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) maternal cohort study data we demonstrate several confounding effects in the study design. Given these effects, we assess a variety of statistical models to determine the relative contributions of direct maternal transmission of the aetiological agent of BSE and of genetic susceptibility to the observed maternally enhanced risk of BSE in the offspring of affected dams. To control for the substantial between-herd variation in the risk of exposure to the BSE agent, it is essential that analyses take into account the matched pair structure of the data. Maternal exposure is estimated to be most important in animals born within 150 days of disease onset in their dams. The analysis of a full survival likelihood model indicates that the hypothesis of maternal transmission with no genetic variation in susceptibility fits the data significantly better than the hypothesis of genetically variable susceptibility with no maternal transmission. However, models incorporating both maternal transmission and genetically variable susceptibility fit the data significantly better than pure maternal transmission models. Although genetic susceptibility cannot be excluded as the cause of the cohort study results in the absence of detailed genotyping, the analysis of these study data suggest that low level maternal transmission of BSE is, at least in part, responsible for the significantly enhanced risk of BSE in the offspring of affected dams. Similar results indicating significant maternal transmission in the later stages of the dam incubation period are obtained from the independent analysis of data on the dam–offspring relationships among confirmed BSE cases.     

Hong Kong managers' perceptions of American business values

This report describes empirical research conducted to study the research question, “To what extent do foreign managers' own cultural values influence their perceptions of the corporate values of companies in other cultures?” Using the authors' “Business Values Questionnaire,” business managers from Hong Kong gave their perceptions of publicly stated corporate values of very large U.S. service companies. A similar United States sample was used as a comparison group. Results gave partial support to the authors' hypotheses that an individual's own cultural values influence perceived values of another culture.     

Grounded theory research: Procedures,canons, and evaluative criteria

Using grounded theory as an example, this paper examines three methodological questions that are generally applicable to all qualitative methods. How should the usual scientific canons be reinterpreted for qualitative research? How should researchers report the procedures and canons used in their research? What evaluative criteria should be used in judging the research products? We propose that the criteria should be adapted to fit the procedures of the method. We demonstrate how this can be done for grounded theory and suggest criteria for evaluating studies following this approach. We argue that other qualitative researchers might be similarly specific about their procedures and evaluative criteria.     

论江泽民的科技人才观

江泽民从世界科技发展的趋势、国际竞争的态势和我国科技工作的实际出发，高度重视科技人才问题，对人才、人才工作特别是科技人才问题有过大量的论述，形成了系统、完整的科技思想。江泽民科技人才思想，是我们新形势下人才工作的重要理论武器。     

Gendering Interprovincial Migration in China1

Migration is a gendered phenomenon, best understood as a series of relationships between socioeconomic factors and gender. Gender differences in migration efficiencies are investigated using the 1990 Census data in China. Results indicate that, although male migration rates are higher, female migration is more efficient in the sense that it contributes to greater population redistribution than male migration. Reflecting different economic and social roles, women are more likely to state social and family reasons for moving while men indicate economic motivations. In terms of the geography of movement, women are more sensitive than men to perceived and expected regional differences in economic opportunities, especially in rural areas. Job opportunities created in urban areas and by foreign enterprises are more attractive to male migrants. Development of light manufacturing industries and the benefits derived from the presence of previous migrants draw female more than male migrants.     

广东对外贸易比较优势与贸易战略选择

对广东产业比较优势的转变进程、现状和未来变化方向进行了实证分析,结果表明,广东的产业比较优势在改革开放后已有了明显的升级和进步,广东的产业比较优势内在地决定于其要素禀赋结构和技术水平.目前,广东在劳动密集型产业上仍具有极强的出口竞争力,但出口竞争力提高的速度较慢,技术密集型产业的比较优势已有了较大的提高,目前已具有了中等竞争力,而且出口竞争力在以较快的速度增长.广东的贸易战略向一种更为自由、开放的比较优势战略的转变将更有利于广东获取贸易利益,更好地促进广东的经济发展.     

在理论与制度之间--基督宗教与儒教关于人性尊严问题的比较研究

本文论述了儒教理论与儒家学说的关系 ,指出 :在儒教的理论中 ,人的尊严被赋予了极高的地位 ,但在儒教的实践或中国历史中 ,人的尊严却受到极大的轻贱和贬损 ,其根源在于制度缺陷 ,即缺乏保障人性尊严的制度 ;在基督宗教理论中 ,由于指出了人性的堕落 ,所以人性尊严的地位似乎不如在儒教之中 ,但在基督宗教的实践或西方历史中 ,人性尊严却较有制度保障并逐步改善 ,这种表面矛盾内含着深层的一致性 :正因为人有罪性 ,所以要靠制度来制约权力。文章强调 ,圣俗分开的抽象理论导致了张力互补的制度安排 ,这应是我们注意的焦点