MEASURING HAPPINESS IN SURVEYS: A TEST OF THE SUBTRACTION HYPOTHESIS

Responses to an item on general happiness can change when thatitem follows one on marital happiness. Asking about maritalhappiness first sometimes reduces reported levels of overallhappiness. This reduction may result from a change in the interpretationof the general happiness item. According to this hypothesis,when the general item follows the item on marital happiness,respondents take the item to ask about aspects of their livesother than their marriages-in effect, the respondents subtracttheir (mostly happy) marriages in answering the general item.The study reported here tests this subtraction hypothesis byasking versions of the general happiness item that correspondto the different interpretations. A version of the general itemthat asked about general happiness "aside from your marriage"yielded responses that were quite similar to those given tothe standard item when it followed the item on marital happiness.Another version that asked about general happiness "includingyour marriage" elicited responses quite similar to those elicitedby the standard item when it preceded the marital happinessitem. However, reanalysis of the studies that originally demonstratedthe impact of the order of the two happiness items casts doubton the subtraction hypothesis and related models as explanationsof the earlier findings.     

A TIME SERIES TEST OF INNOVATION-DRIVEN ENDOGENOUS GROWTH

This article finds evidence that ideas and innovation are a key force explaining postwar growth in the U.S. economy. Utilizing data on patents issued since 1851, I construct a measure of the growth rate of knowledge. Capital stock estimates, human capital estimates, and real gross domestic product per worker growth rates are combined with the knowledge growth series to construct a time series test of endogenous innovation growth models. The results support the endogenous innovation approach but suggest that the accumulation of the per worker capital stock and changes in average human capital per worker are at least as important. (JEL 030 , C32 )     

NEW BOOKS

Opportunities in Machine Shop Trades, by Benjamin J. Stern. 10 Steps in Writing the Research Paper, by Roberta H. Markman and Marie L. Waddell. Guidance in Elementary Schools, by Herman J. Peters, Bruce Shertzer, and William H. Van Hoose. Management and Improvement of Guidance, by George E. Hill. Technician Education Yearbook, 1965–1966. Verbal Aptitude Workbook for College Entrance Examinations, by Mitchel Weiner. Teen-Age Sex Counselor, by Bert Y. Glassberg. How to Prepare for the PSAT, by Samuel C. Brownstein and Mitchel Weiner. College Entrance Guide (revised 1966 edition), by Bernice W. Einstein. New Careers for the Poor, by Arthur Pearl and Frank Riessman.     

MOTIVES AND MODES OF INTERNAL MIGRATION: RELOCATION IN A CANADIAN CITY*

Le phénomène de la migration interne au Canada est considéré comme un facteur important en ce qui a trait à de nombreux aspects de l'organisation sociale. Un échantillon de 453 migrants a fourni des données concernant leurs caracteristiques, les motifs pour lesquels ils se deplacent et l'importance de différents types de relationsà l'endroit de destination. Dans le cadre d'une nouvelle methode touchant à localiser les migrants, on à interrogé les nouveaux arrivés concernant les raisons pour lesquelles ils se sont deplaces ainsi que les expériences vécues au cours de cette période de relocalisation à l'endroit de destination. Bien que leurs réponses aient permis de corroborer l'exactitude de plusieurs tendances décelées au cows de recherches antérieures, il n'en demeure pas moins qu'une analyse approfondie des données a laké entrevoir deux points quelque peu différents. La majorité des gens se déplacent sous certaines auspices et il semble que l'existence et la nature d'un réseau de “relations”à l'endroit de destination influencent la façon dont les nouveaux arrivés se comportent face au déplacement et à la relocalisation. Continuing migration within Canada is seen as an important factor for many aspects of social organization. A sample of 453 internal migrants provides data on the characteristics of migrants, their reasons for moving, and the effects of having different types of connections in the receiving community. By utilizing a new approach to locating migrants, very recent migrants were interviewed about their reasons for moving and their experiences in relocating in the target area. While several patterns established through previous research are corroborated, two apparently discrepant findings appear. These are explained when analysis of the data is refined. Most migrants are found to move under some auspices. The availability and nature of a network of local connections are found to affect the ways in which migrants deal with moving and relocating.     

New Books

Educators Guide to Free Guidance Materials, compiled and edited by Mary H. Saterstrom and Joe A. Steph. 1968 College Entrance Guide, by Bernice W. Erinstein. New York: Grosset and Dunlap Individualized Study, by Gerald A. Gladstein. Research for Teachers and Counselors, by E. L. Tolbert. Basic Educational Tests and Measurements, by Quentin Stodola and Kolmer Stordahl. Your Career in Public Relations, by Jody Donohue. On the Job Training and Where to Get It, by Robert A. Liston. Chemical Engineering, by David H. Killeffer. Stroke Rehabilitation: Basic Concepts and Research Trends, edited by William S. Fields and William A. Spencer. Improving Skills in Speech Therapy, by Doris D. Wallace.     

New Books

How to Succeed in High School, by George Weigand. Woodbury Executives Under Fire by Chester Burger. The Employed Mother in America edited by F. Svan Nye and Lois W. Caesar's Forms & Syntax by Thornton A. McGill Jr. Woodbury, New York Careers in Natural Resource Conservation by Fred W. Herbert. New York: Henry Z. Walck, Inc., 1965. Learning and the Educational Process edited by John D. Krumboltz. Know Yourself, by Arnold L. Ganley and George S. Elias. Vocational Guidance and Career Development edited by Herman J. Peters and James C. Hansen. Guidance in Agricultural Education (Second Edition) by Harold M. Byram. Danville Classrooms on Main Street by Harold F. Clark and Harold S. Sloan. Introduction to College Life (Second Edition) by Norman T. Bell, Richard W. Burkhardt, and Victor B. Lawhead.