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61.
Most theories of corporate governance argue that chief executive officers (CEOs) take less risk as they near the end of their career, and therefore are less likely to make major investments. This prediction is based on decisions related to firm‐specific benefits; however, it may not be generalizable to decisions that involve broad societal goals. In terms of societal investments, CEOs with a longer time perspective may be more likely, rather than less likely, to invest. In this paper, we argue that a CEO's future time perspective is fostered by shorter career horizons, longer tenures, higher organizational ownership and less short‐term compensation. We test these hypotheses on 150 observations from the US investor‐owned electric power generation sector over a three‐year unbalanced sample (64.3% of the population). We applied random‐effects generalized least squares (GLS) estimations to test our hypotheses, and found support for three out of four hypothesized relationships. 相似文献
62.
Magali Natalia Alloatti Ana Luíza Matos de Oliveira 《Gender, Work and Organization》2023,30(1):329-344
Shaped by inconsistent policy decisions, the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil has made structural gender and racial inequalities more acute. Black and low-income women are overburdened with unpaid domestic work, increased domestic violence, and more vulnerable due to informal and exploitative working regimes. These structural aspects are intensifying, since the pandemic has broadened inequalities at the intersection of gender, race, labor market, and social class. We examine pre- and during pandemic inequalities on three dimensions: (a) unpaid domestic and care work, (b) women's labor market participation, and (c) domestic violence. We link the care diamond model and racial stratification forwarding a feminist perspective by examining how the interlocking of race and gender in Brazil renders different socioeconomic dynamics to the detriment of Black and low-income women. Based on this evidence, we stress that a more equal future requires a better social protection and policies targeting the articulation of gender, race, and class. 相似文献
63.
64.
Natalia Ermasova Lam D. Nguyen Dina Clark Sergey Ermasov 《Public Organization Review》2018,18(3):299-312
This study examines the impacts of different types of experience on management skills of working adults in Russia. The study is based on a sample of 527 MBA students, line and middle managers covering 32 regions in 13 different industries in Russia. This study proves that work experience, management experience, and government experience are significant factors in their technical, human, and conceptual skills. Human skills scores are significantly higher for all groups than group with no management experience. Score for human skills increased with years of government experience only, but not with working or management years of experience. 相似文献
65.
Natalia A. Matushkina Sergij V. Riasanov Dariia V. Shyriaieva Volodymyr A. Gorobchishin Alex V. Gumovsky 《Urban Ecosystems》2016,19(3):1119-1130
This study is a first attempt to estimate the degree of tritrophic association between the common dandelion Taraxacum officinale complex, the herbivorous weevil Glocianus punctiger and its parasitoid Entedon costalis, as an environmental marker in urban ecosystems. The study was conducted on 3926 dandelion flowering stems spread across 24 sample plots situated within the municipal borders of Kyiv (Ukraine). Eighteen plots were infested by the weevils, and 14 plots were infested by E. costalis. Of all the examined dandelion stems, 359 (9.1 %) were infested by weevils, and 21.4 % of these weevil-infested stems were parasitized by E. costalis. Thirty-two incidents of superparasitism were registered in nine sample plots. Seven environmental variables were chosen for characterization of the sample plots and for testing their possible effects on the tritrophic association. The results indicate that the infestation of dandelions by weevils is strongly limited by the grasslands’ mowing. Apart from that, the presence of anthropogenic barriers bounding the study areas negatively affected the parasitism of G. punctiger by E. costalis. This is regarded as an example of the crucial effect of habitat fragmentation on the specialist herbivore and the specialist parasitoid of this tritrophic system. Both the mowing and habitat fragmentation are linked with human land-use regimes on the sample plots. 相似文献
66.
Natalia S. Gavrilova Victoria G. Semyonova Elena Dubrovina Galina N. Evdokushkina Alla E. Ivanova Leonid A. Gavrilov 《Population research and policy review》2008,27(5):551-574
Mortality from ill-defined conditions in Russia has the fastest rate of increase compared to all other major causes of death.
High proportion of deaths in this category is indicative for low quality of mortality statistics. This article examines the
trends and possible causes of mortality from ill-defined conditions in Russia. During 1991–2005, mortality from ill-defined
conditions in Russia increased in all age groups. The pace of increase was particularly high at working ages and the mean
expected age at death from ill-defined conditions has shifted to younger ages, particularly for men. The analysis of individual
medical death certificates issued in Kirov and Smolensk regions of Russia demonstrate that 89–100% of working-age deaths from
ill-defined conditions correspond to human bodies found in a state of decomposition. Data from Smolensk region shows that
over 60% of these decedents were unemployed. Temporal trends of mortality from ill-defined conditions and injuries of undetermined
intent in Moscow city suggest that deaths from the latter cause were probably misclassified as ill-defined conditions. This
practice can lead to underestimation of mortality from external causes. Growing number of socially isolated marginalized people
in Russia and insufficient investigation of the circumstances of their death contribute to the observed trends in mortality
from ill-defined conditions. 相似文献
67.
All over the world, coastal villages are changing rapidly due to the increasing pressures from tourism and urbanization. In this study we investigate ethnobotanical knowledge of current residents of Campeche District, a coastal area that has undergone a rapid process of urbanization, related to 13 native plant species. We also discuss how residents understand and conceptualize the term ‘restinga’, which corresponds to the areas of native vegetation still found at the study site. We interviewed 176 residents in four strata according to time of residence in the district: 0–9 years, 10-19 years, 20-29 years and +30 years, corresponding to the periods of most accentuated demographic growth in the area. Psidium guajava and Eugenia uniflora were the most known, recognized and used plants by respondents. Plant recognition, naming and known uses are strongly correlated; yet there was no difference related to the age of respondents. The only stratum with significant differences in the number of plants named, known and used is the +30 year of residence time, not related to the age of respondents. Explanations given by respondents for the definition of ‘restinga’ were grouped into: vegetation, physical space and ecosystem. Most answers associated ‘restinga’ to vegetation. Knowledge on local flora is affected by the increased amount of migrants and the rapid urbanization in the district during the last 30 years. 相似文献
68.
Pierre–André Chiappori Natalia Radchenko Bernard Salanié 《Review of Economics of the Household》2018,16(3):833-858
Empirical studies on the determinants of divorce are scarce in economics. The literature has focused on the impact of income differentials between partners. We extend the model of marital dissolution to integrate time-varying non-pecuniary quality of the match. We use a unique Russian dataset to measure shocks to the non-economic components of the value of marriage. Our estimates suggest that the monetary and non-monetary components enter additively into marriage surplus, but with gender-specific marginal rates of substitution: divorce hazard is more sensitive to the non-pecuniary dissatisfaction of the wife than to that of the husband; impacts of the monetary components are also gender-specific and highly non-linear. We link these findings to remarriage prospects and partial risk sharing. 相似文献
69.
Narváez Andrea E. Ghia Taryn Moretta-Urdiales M. Mar Moreira Natalia Molina 《Urban Ecosystems》2020,23(6):1371-1376
Urban Ecosystems - To maintain a stable population, an introduced species must be capable of exploiting varied resources and adapting to environmental conditions different from its native range.... 相似文献
70.
Natalia Vanetik 《Journal of Combinatorial Optimization》2012,24(4):526-539
Given an undirected graph G=(N,E), a subset T of its nodes and an undirected graph (T,S), G and (T,S) together are often called a network. A?collection of paths in G whose end-pairs lie in S is called an integer multiflow. When these paths are allowed to have fractional weight, under the constraint that the total weight of the paths traversing a single edge does not exceed 1, we have a fractional multiflow in G. The problems of finding the maximum weight of paths with end-pairs in S over all fractional multiflows in G is called the fractional path packing problem. In 1989, A. Karzanov had defined the fractionality of the fractional path packing problem for a class of networks {G,(T,S)} as the smallest natural D such that for any network from the class, the fractional path packing problem has a solution which becomes integer-valued when multiplied by D (see A.?Karzanov in Linear Algebra Appl. 114–115:293–328, 1989). He proved that the fractional path packing problem has infinite fractionality outside a very specific class of networks, and conjectured that within this class, the fractionality does not exceed 4. A.?Karzanov also proved that the fractionality of the path packing problem is at most 8 by studying the fractionality of the dual problem. Special cases of Karzanov’s conjecture were proved in or are implied by the works of L.R.?Ford and D.R.?Fulkerson, Y.?Dinitz, T.C.?Hu, B.V.?Cherkassky, L.?Lov?sz and H.?Hirai. We prove Karzanov’s conjecture by showing that the fractionality of the path packing problem is at most 4. Our proof is stand-alone and does not rely on Karzanov’s results. 相似文献