Making Sense of Muscle: The Body Experiences of Collegiate Women Athletes*

Using ethnographic research, this paper explores the experiences of elite women athletes on a Division‐I college soccer team. I draw on existing literature in the sociology of sport, sociology of the body, and interactionism to inform my analysis. With this approach, I illustrate the complicated relationship women athletes have with their bodies in relation to physical competition and dominant notions of femininity today. Key reference groups influenced the players’ self‐perceptions and encouraged the women to closely monitor their own appearances and actions. While undoubtedly affected by these inter‐actions as well as their place in the gender hierarchy, many women athletes subtly resisted notions of idealized bodies and constructed their own meanings about their bodies and experiences. Investigating the day‐to‐day body awareness and negotiations of women athletes reveals the gendered nuances of sport and the complicated relationship between cultural ideals and female embodiment.     

The Differences in Financial Structure Between Women- and Men-Owned Family Businesses

Lenders often are faced with the challenge of evaluating the financial success of a business or a proposed business by examining the financial records of the household, reasoning that an assessment of the household's financial position should be a plausible indicator of the financial status of the business. Utilizing data from the recently released Family Business Survey, this study uses financial information about both the family and the business to examine the relationship between household financial indicators and business financial indicators for women- and men-owned family businesses. The results suggest that, while household financial statements may be good indicators for men-owned businesses, they appear to be much less reliable for women-owned businesses.     

Young men's perspectives on family support and disclosure of same-sex attraction

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) face myriad challenges when deciding to disclose their sexual orientation to family members. Key to this decision is consideration of how disclosure may influence the support they receive from family. This paper explores a diverse sample of YMSM's (N = 43) perspectives on disclosure of their same-sex attractions to key family members and its impact on family support. Several stages/categories of disclosure are described and some YMSM seemed to continue to move between categories. Additionally, relationships after disclosure included negotiations between the expression of their sexual orientation and the maintenance of family support.     

A sequential procedure for testing the existence of a random walk model in finite samples

Given the random walk model, we show, for the traditional unrestricted regression used in testing stationarity, that no matter what the initial value of the random walk is or its drift or its error standard deviation, the sampling distributions of certain statistics remain unchanged. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we estimate, for different finite samples, the sampling distributions of these statistics. After smoothing the percentiles of the empirical sampling distributions, we come up with a new set of critical values for testing the existence of a random walk, if each statistic is being used on an individual base. Combining the new sets of critical values, we finally suggest a general methodology for testing for a random walk model.     

企业失败的原因是领导者不合适

1997～2007年，过去的这十年时间对于许多企业领导来说都是一段异常艰难的时光。家得宝、西门子、波音、壳牌、宝洁、施乐、肯马特、可口可乐、AT＆T、花旗、美林等等，这一长串光辉的名字都在过去的十年里，由于领导者的失误而遭受了前所未有的危机：     

Les Chinois de Paris et de Montréal: analyse comparative de deux communautés en situation d'immigration*

This article is a comparative study of two Chinese communities in two countries that differ in their history and their political direction when it comes to immigration: Canada and France. Although it neither concludes their independence nor the disappearance of the role of national states, the article points out many similarities in the structure, organization and internal economy relying on cross‐border ethnic networks. Le présent article consiste en une étude comparative de deux communautés chinoises en situation d'immigration dans deux pays différant par leur histoire et leur orientation politique: le Canada et la France. Bien qu'il n'en conclue ni à l'indépendance de ces communautés ni à la disparition du rôle des États nationaux, l'article relève maintee ressemblances sur le plan de la structure, de l'organisation et de l'économie interne reposant sur des réseaux ethniques transcendant les frontières.     

Is What’s Good for the Business,Good for the Family: A Financial Assessment

Small business prosperity doesn’t necessarily translate into family prosperity. This study utilizes the first and second waves of the National Family Business Survey to explore the influence of changes in key business financial measures on objective and subjective measures of family success. Increases in the available cash in the business from higher gross sales or net profits brings more cash into the household, while increases in the market value of the business increases the amount of money spent on other household assets. A more subjective assessment suggests that positive changes in the business financial measures create a more positive perception of the business’ success; however, these positive changes have no influence on a more positive perception of the family’s success.     

Educational inequalities and educational mobility under socialism in the Czech Republic

The sociology of education on the Czech Republic has focused almost entirely on relative measures of inequality (based on odds ratio data) than to trends in educational mobility (based on mobility tables). Therefore, there is a significant gap in our knowledge of how the Czech education system has evolved in the long term. Although the periods before and after the onset of socialism appear to have had very specific mobility patterns, we know relatively little about their differences. Therefore, this article attempts 1) to verify the findings to date about the character and extent of educational inequalities in the Czech half of socialist Czechoslovakia, and 2) to update these findings with a new mobility analysis. In this context the article poses two key questions: In what ways are the two mobility systems (pre‐socialist and socialist) different? Was the Czech education system becoming more or less open? Using the mobility perspective and log‐linear modelling, the analysis identifies some specific structural contexts and shows that the level of intergenerational educational reproduction that existed between 1906 and 1938 gradually diminished thereafter, except among women, who experienced a re‐strengthening after 1948. Although after the Prague Spring in 1968 the association between the education of parents and their children began to strengthen, the mother‐daughter association in educational reproduction weakened at the end of socialism.