How Welfare Policies Affect Adolescents' School Outcomes: A Synthesis of Evidence From Experimental Studies

Using data from 8 random assignment studies and employing meta‐analytic techniques, this article provides systematic evidence that welfare and work policies targeted at low‐income parents have small adverse effects on some school outcomes among adolescents ages 12 to 18 years at follow‐up. These adverse effects were observed mostly for school performance outcomes and occurred in programs that required mothers to work or participate in employment‐related activities and those that encouraged mothers to work voluntarily. The most pronounced negative effects on school outcomes occurred for the group of adolescents who had a younger sibling, possibly because of the increased home and sibling care responsibilities they assumed as their mothers increased their employment.     

川芎嗪的药理作用研究进展

川芎为传统的活血化淤药,川芎嗪是从川芎中提取的有效单体之一.现代药理学研究表明,川芎嗪具有保护心脑血管,防止肝、肺纤维化,预防肺动脉高压等作用.对川芎嗪药理作用的研究进展进行综述,为更好地开发利用川芎嗪提供参考.     

Four‐Month Attentional Regulation and Its Prediction of Three‐Year Compliance

The extent to which 4‐month attentional regulation during an infant‐mother still‐face situation and 12‐month attachment security during the Strange Situation predicted rates of compliance and noncompliance during a cleanup task at 36 months was examined longitudinally in 70 infant‐mother dyads. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that infants who showed more attentional regulation during the still‐face situation with mothers later showed a higher rate of committed compliance and a lower rate of situational compliance during cleanup with mothers. Furthermore, lower levels of attentional regulation were later associated with higher rates of assertive behavior, but only for infants in an insecure attachment relationship.     

试论新时期以来中国文艺学的大发展

新时期以来,中国文艺学获得了长足的多元的发展,这种大发展主要表现在文学观念冲破旧有束缚、张扬人文精神,在自律与他律的辩证统一中探索和把握文学的审美意识形态本质,并在此基础上促使文学理论走向多元和成熟;文学研究方法也在借鉴中外文论和其它学科研究方法的基础上取得突破和创新,有力推动了文艺学研究方法的多元化,反过来又促进了新时期文学观念的拓展和更新。     

积极创造条件稳步推进学分制改革

以学分制为核心的教学管理方法上的转变,是适应高等教育变革的必然选择。然而,由于高等院校连续几年超常规扩张使学分制的实行增加新的困难。为此,要从高校的规模与结构、教学资源以及管理等方面积极创造条件,稳步实施学分制的改革。     

水库地区路基的防护研究

当水库蓄水及运行过程中产生的库岸再造危及库区公路安全时，应对库岸或路基进行防护加固，在研究三峡、水口等水库塌岸历史、现状及预测的基础上，分析了岩质、土质和岩土混合岸坡的破坏方式、库岸再造类型，认为路基或库岸防护设计应遵循滑坡与塌岸综合治理、库岸防治与开发利用相结合、分时期分段落分水位区防护等原则，详细阐述了在不同库岸地质结构及库岸再造类型中采用的防护措施，研究了砌石坡式防护、防护林带、格构锚固、挡土墙、抗滑桩、喷锚等工程防护结构类型。     

Intermarriages Between Western Women and Palestinian Men: Multidirectional Adaptation Processes

This article addresses cultural adaptation of Western‐Palestinian intermarried couples. Using in‐depth interviews, information was gathered from 16 participants, 7 Western women and 9 Palestinian men, living in Palestinian cities in the West Bank. Adaptation strategies are typified by the extent to which each spouse embraces the partner's culture. The data suggest that intermarriage engenders a multidirectional adaptation process. Patriarchy and East‐West power relations affect mainly the women, having to face marginalization on the basis of their gender and their foreignness. The men undergo a double process of cultural adaptation: to the Western culture and to their native culture after their return. Both the husbands’ extended family and the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict were found to affect both partners’ adaptation.     

Gendered Perspectives in Psychology: Immigrant Origin Youth

In this article, we contend that the field of psychology has largely failed to foreground the role of gender in its study of immigration. Here, we review studies that address gender and migration focusing on the experience of children and adolescents. We provide developmental perspectives on family relations, well‐being, identity formation, and educational outcomes, paying particular attention to the role of gender in these domains. We conclude with recommendations for future research, which include the need to consider whether, and if so, how, when, and why it makes a difference to be an immigrant, to be from a particular country, or to be female rather than male. We argue that it is important to consider socioeconomic characteristics; to consider resilience as well as pathology; and to work in interdisciplinary ways to deepen our understanding of the gendered migratory experience of immigrant origin youth.     

Child‐Care Usage and Mother‐Infant “Quality Time”

Mothers' time‐use patterns were compared in families in which infants spent more than 30 hours per week in child care (In‐Care group; n= 143) versus 0 hours per week (At‐Home group; n= 183) from birth to 6 months of age. In‐Care group mothers spent about 12 fewer hours per week interacting with their infants, for about 32% less time; fathers of these infants were more involved in caregiving. The groups did not differ in the quality of mother‐infant interaction. In the In‐Care group, quantity of interaction was related to greater separation anxiety and concerns about effects of maternal employment. Time‐use data were not related to child outcomes at 15 months of age. Results suggest that the effect of extensive time spent apart on the quantity and quality of mother‐infant interaction may be smaller than anticipated.