REFORM SUPPORT IN TIMES OF CRISIS: THE ROLE OF FAMILY TIES

We argue that an important determinant of voters' support for economic reform is the strength of family ties. While the “crisis hypothesis” predicts that crises facilitate reform, we show in a political economy model that this relation can break down, and even reverse, when agents take into account the effect of reform on their family members. Applied to southern European countries with strong family ties, the model rationalizes why the extremely high (youth) unemployment following the Great Recession has not led to more substantial labor market reforms. In such countries austerity might block rather than foster additional structural reforms. (JEL D64, D72, J48)     

Constructing the digital patient: Patient organizations and the development of health websites

In order to understand the constraints and challenges of realizing the democratic potentials of the Internet, this paper focuses on the attempts of three Dutch patient organizations to develop health websites. The authors describe how these patient organizations had to overcome specific barriers to develop their digital services. All three organizations faced certain constraints that had negative consequences for the plans they wanted to realize. Lack of financial resources and manpower were the main reasons why these patient organizations could not develop interactive parts of their website or provide personal advice services. Other barriers the patient organizations had to overcome were getting access to digital expertise to build the websites. The paper shows that the development of a website is a very demanding task, even for patient organizations that have in-house expertise with computers and Internet. Moreover, the paper shows that patient organizations do not consider the involvement of patients as crucial for the design of health websites. This research thus confirms previous research findings that users, in this case patients, are largely absent from the design process of information and communication technologies Finally, the paper shows how patient organizations' websites contribute to a redefinition of the patient from being a passive actor towards one who is an active participant in his or her care.     

Agreement Between Mothers and Fathers on the Identification of Infant Communicative Acts: Use of a Randomization Procedure

The extent to which mothers and fathers agree on what they identify as their infant's communicative acts was investigated. Nineteen infants (6 at 6 months, 7 at 9 months, and 6 at 12 months) and their parents participated. A randomization procedure controlled for the frequencies and durations of the communicative acts identified by the parents, and the procedure produced a distribution of 10,000 “chance” agreement values for each parent pair with which their observed level of agreement was compared. The results indicated that, generally, parents could identify their infant's communicative acts consistently, and that observed levels of agreement between parents were significantly higher than would be expected by chance. Differences between mothers and fathers on their identification of communicative acts are considered in terms of the emergence of the infant's intention to communicate.     

Pre‐Colonial Ethnic Institutions and Contemporary African Development

We investigate the role of deeply rooted pre‐colonial ethnic institutions in shaping comparative regional development within African countries. We combine information on the spatial distribution of ethnicities before colonization with regional variation in contemporary economic performance, as proxied by satellite images of light density at night. We document a strong association between pre‐colonial ethnic political centralization and regional development. This pattern is not driven by differences in local geographic features or by other observable ethnic‐specific cultural and economic variables. The strong positive association between pre‐colonial political complexity and contemporary development also holds within pairs of adjacent ethnic homelands with different legacies of pre‐colonial political institutions.     

On Linear Operations on Stationary and Non Stationary Random Processes

This brief article considers an arbitrary linear operation on stationary and non stationary second-order random processes and provides conditions for the output process to be of second order. Both mean-square integrals and sample-path integrals are considered.     

A Bayesian panel data framework for examining the economic growth convergence hypothesis: do the G7 countries converge?

In this paper, we suggest a Bayesian panel (longitudinal) data approach to test for the economic growth convergence hypothesis. This approach can control for possible effects of initial income conditions, observed covariates and cross-sectional correlation of unobserved common error terms on inference procedures about the unit root hypothesis based on panel data dynamic models. Ignoring these effects can lead to spurious evidence supporting economic growth divergence. The application of our suggested approach to real gross domestic product panel data of the G7 countries indicates that the economic growth convergence hypothesis is supported by the data. Our empirical analysis shows that evidence of economic growth divergence for the G7 countries can be attributed to not accounting for the presence of exogenous covariates in the model.     

The power of generalized odds ratio in assessing association in genetic studies with known mode of inheritance

The generalized odds ratio (OR_G) is a novel model-free approach to test the association in genetic studies by estimating the overall risk effect based on the complete genotype distribution. However, the power of OR_G has not been explored and, particularly, in a setting where the mode of inheritance is known. A population genetics model was simulated in order to define the mode of inheritance of a pertinent gene–disease association in advance. Then, the power of OR_G was explored based on this model and compared with the chi-square test for trend. The model considered bi- and tri-allelic gene–disease associations, and deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The simulations showed that bi- and tri-allelic variants have the same pattern of power results. The power of OR_G increases with increase in the frequency of mutant allele and the coefficient of selection and, of course, the degree of dominance of the mutant allele. The deviation from HWE has a considerable impact on power only for small values of the above parameters. The OR_G showed superiority in power compared with the chi-square test for trend when there is deviation from HWE; otherwise, the pattern of results was similar in both the approaches.     

Multidimensional Poverty and Inequality: Insights from the Upper Blue Nile Basin,Ethiopia

As stated in the 2018 global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report, Ethiopia has the second largest multidimensionally poor population in Africa (after Nigeria). The global MPI was created to measure household’s multiple deprivations, but little systematic study has been carried out on the application of MPI measures on a smaller scale and vis-à-vis other measures of poverty. In addition, most of the few existing studies ignore any measure of inequality amongst the multidimensionally poor. This study explored multidimensional poverty in three different drought-prone agro-ecological settings of the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. A preliminary participatory exercise was carried out at the study sites to select important indicators and then a structured survey was administered to 390 systematically and randomly selected households. The Alkire–Foster method was used to analyse multidimensional poverty and verified it with Correlation Sensitive Poverty Index (CSPI). Multidimensional poverty incidence, adjusted head count ratio and inequality were significantly different between study sites (p?<?0.001). Results indicated a high incidence (88%, 82% and 80%), intensity (52%, 55% and 56%), MPI (46%, 45% and 45%) and inequality (53%, 60% and 63%) of poverty in Aba Gerima, Guder and Dibatie study sites, respectively. A high level of divergence was revealed between the MPI and CSPI in terms of identifying the poor. The living standard and land and livestock ownership dimensions contributed the most to MPI. The case study signifies the importance of inclusion of land and livestock indicators for the national MPI. Besides, it implies that researchers and policymakers need to account for smaller scale contextualised indicators and location differences when studying and designing anti-poverty interventions.

     

Large Differences in Time Use for Three Data Collection Systems

Two versions of an electronic time use diary are compared with the conventional paper-and-pencil one (or PAPI). One version was a self-administered diary (Computer-Assisted Self-Interview or CASI), while the second was based on an interviewer-administered procedure (Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview or CATI). Comparison of the data collection systems used for time use statistics revealed large differences between the procedures for most of the activities. Many of these differences were significant at the 0.05 level. Since no general effect of the registration method was found, several activities have been studied in detail to account for the differences in time use. We pay attention here only to the results for two specific activities; time spent on travel and watching television/listening to the radio. For both activities, specific registration characteristics were responsible for the differences found.