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31.
AbstractGrubbs and Weaver (1947) suggest a minimum-variance unbiased estimator for the population standard deviation of a normal random variable, where a random sample is drawn and a weighted sum of the ranges of subsamples is calculated. The optimal choice involves using as many subsamples of size eight as possible. They verified their results numerically for samples of size up to 100, and conjectured that their “rule of eights” is valid for all sample sizes. Here we examine the analogous problem where the underlying distribution is exponential and find that a “rule of fours” yields optimality and prove the result rigorously. 相似文献
32.
This article investigates the choice of working covariance structures in the analysis of spatially correlated observations motivated by cardiac imaging data. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we found that the choice of covariance structure affects the efficiency of the estimator and power of the test. Choosing the popular unstructured working covariance structure results in an over-inflated Type I error possibly due to a sample size not large enough relative to the number of parameters being estimated. With regard to model fit indices, Bayesian Information Criterion outperforms Akaike Information Criterion in choosing the correct covariance structure used to generate data. 相似文献
33.
Joshua N. Sampson Charles E. Matthews Laurence S. Freedman Raymond J. Carroll Victor Kipnis 《Journal of applied statistics》2016,43(9):1706-1721
Sedentary behavior has already been associated with mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Questionnaires are an affordable tool for measuring sedentary behavior in large epidemiological studies. Here, we introduce and evaluate two statistical methods for quantifying measurement error in questionnaires. Accurate estimates are needed for assessing questionnaire quality. The two methods would be applied to validation studies that measure a sedentary behavior by both questionnaire and accelerometer on multiple days. The first method fits a reduced model by assuming the accelerometer is without error, while the second method fits a more complete model that allows both measures to have error. Because accelerometers tend to be highly accurate, we show that ignoring the accelerometer's measurement error, can result in more accurate estimates of measurement error in some scenarios. In this article, we derive asymptotic approximations for the mean-squared error of the estimated parameters from both methods, evaluate their dependence on study design and behavior characteristics, and offer an R package so investigators can make an informed choice between the two methods. We demonstrate the difference between the two methods in a recent validation study comparing previous day recalls to an accelerometer-based ActivPal. 相似文献
34.
This paper explores the ways in which the work-life balance choices made by heterosexual couples differ in different generations, how such choices are gendered, and the extent to which 'individualization' provides an adequate conceptualization of the effects of social change on heterosexual couples. It argues that processes of individualization need to be seen in the context of changing social institutions, and that it is the de-institutionalization of 'the family' and the life course that is leading to a de-gendering of work-life balance choices. The paper draws on findings from a restudy of the family and social change and a study of the gender dimensions of job insecurity both of which were carried out in the same geographical location. The studies provide evidence of generational change in work-life balance choices and increasing occupational differentiation between heterosexual partners. This leads to a situation where increasingly choices are made which blur gendered boundaries and which has been made possible by a process of de-institutionalization of the male breadwinner family. Our findings support the contention that processes of individualization are more apparent amongst younger than older generations and that, because of changes external to the family, there is more negotiation and pragmatism amongst younger generations about work-life choices. 相似文献
35.
Walker CA Curry LC Hogstel MO 《Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services》2007,45(1):38-45
Relocation stress syndrome is a nursing diagnosis characterized by symptoms such as anxiety, confusion, hopelessness, and loneliness. It usually occurs in older adults shortly after moving from a private residence to a nursing home or assisted-living facility. The primary purpose of this study was to validate the symptoms of relocation stress syndrome. Eight nursing home residents and 8 assisted-living facility residents were interviewed 2 to 10 weeks after admission, when symptoms of relocation stress syndrome are most likely to appear. Results of this study indicate that the incidence of relocation stress syndrome may be overestimated. More accurate diagnosis and treatment of depression in older adults is needed. 相似文献
36.
Sandile Charles Shongwe Jean-Claude Malela-Majika Philippe Castagliola 《Journal of applied statistics》2021,48(7):1243
In order to reduce the effect of autocorrelation on the monitoring scheme, a new sampling strategy is proposed to form rational subgroup samples of size n. It requires sampling to be done such that: (i) observations from two consecutive samples are merged, and (ii) some consecutive observations are skipped before sampling. This technique which is a generalized version of the mixed samples strategy is shown to yield a better reduction of the negative effect of autocorrelation when monitoring the mean of processes with and without measurement errors. For processes subjected to a combined effect of autocorrelation and measurement errors, the proposed sampling technique, together with multiple measurement strategy, yields an uniformly better zero-state run-length performance than its two main existing competitors for any autocorrelation level. However, in steady-state mode, it yields the best performance only when the monitoring process is subject to a high level of autocorrelation, for any given level of measurement errors. A real life example is used to illustrate the implementation of the proposed sampling strategy.KEYWORDS: Autocorrelation, measurement errors, mixed samples strategy, multiple measurements, skipping sampling strategy, steady-state, zero-state 相似文献
37.
Xue Feng Charles I. Mosimah Gina Sizemore Rashmi Goyat 《Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment》2019,29(1):26-36
ABSTRACTThere are substantial gaps in research on Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in students aged 18 and above in West Virginia. The purpose of this study is to explore the associations between mindful self-care, perceived stress, and the HRQoL in this population. We conducted a cross-sectional study between March and April 2017. We included participants who were students, aged 18 years and above, living in West Virginia and were able to answer online questions in English. Data was obtained from an online survey using a structured questionnaire, including the SF12v2®, mindful self-care scale- SHORT, and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)-10. We applied linear regressions to determine the predictors of HRQoL (physical health and mental health) using SF12v2®. 194 participants met the inclusion criteria of the study. Mindful self-care was negatively associated with perceived stress. Better mindful self-care mediated the relationship between perceived stress and psychological well-being, controlling for gender, age, race, marital status, education level, annual household income, and chronic disease status. Perceived stress and mindful self-care were not related to the physical well-being. Better mindful self-care may safeguard against perceived stress among students aged 18 years and above. Our findings in this study recommend more mindfulness-based interventions targeted to this subpopulation to improve psychological well-being. 相似文献
38.
Charles R. Schwenk 《决策科学》1984,15(4):449-462
Critics of previous laboratory experiments comparing devil's advocacy (DA) to dialectical inquiry (DI) have suggested that these experiments produced misleading results because (1) they used subjects who had low levels of task involvement and (2) the DI treatment used was confusing to subjects and required further explanation to be useful. The present study examines the effects of four inquiry methods—expert (E), DA, DI, and DI with explanatory statement (DI+)—on subjects' performance at a financial prediction task. Results show that DA, DI, and DI + were superior to E when the state of the world differed significantly from assumptions underlying the expert's plan. For subjects with high task involvement, DI and DI + were more effective than E and DA. The results support some of the criticisms of previous laboratory research and suggest that future research on these decision aids should include task involvement as a factor. 相似文献
39.
Humor is a significant weapon in interpersonal and intergroup conflict and competition. Over the centuries, males have used humor and jokes to create and perpetuate patriarchal ideals, relationships, and structures. Today, feminists and other proponents of gender equality use humor to deconstruct patriarchal ideologies and sexist stereotypes. This exploratory study analyzes a collection of over 1,700 jokes identified as feminist and women's humor to discover what these jokes suggest with regard to the male‐dominant structure in society and how these jokes are subversive in attempting to disrupt gender stereotypes and roles. We find that the humor of women and feminists seeks, in part, to discredit assumptions of males’ superiority, masterfulness, sexual prowess, and extraordinary value to women and society. These jokes may, however, also work to reinforce stereotypes associated with men and women: “If they could send a man to the moon, why not just send all of them?” 相似文献
40.
Modeling firms in the global economy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Charles Perrow 《Theory and Society》2009,38(3):217-243
I examine the apparent deverticalization of firms in the world economy and their adoption of relational contracting and modularization,
necessitated by rapid product change, cheap and rapid transport, and new technologies. I argue that relational contracting
is superseded by modularization when possible in the interest of more control over suppliers, and modularization in turn leads
to consolidation, when possible, through buying up suppliers or making them captives. The result is increased concentration
of economic power in the world economy, and examples of this are presented.
Charles Perrow is Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Yale University. His most recent book is The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters, Princeton University Press, 2007. In 2001, he published Organizing America: Wealth, Power, and the Origins of Corporate Capitalism, Princeton University Press. His current research concerns internet security and operating systems architecture, the organization of large technical systems, and the organizational aspects of climate change. 相似文献
Charles PerrowEmail: |
Charles Perrow is Emeritus Professor of Sociology, Yale University. His most recent book is The Next Catastrophe: Reducing Our Vulnerabilities to Natural, Industrial, and Terrorist Disasters, Princeton University Press, 2007. In 2001, he published Organizing America: Wealth, Power, and the Origins of Corporate Capitalism, Princeton University Press. His current research concerns internet security and operating systems architecture, the organization of large technical systems, and the organizational aspects of climate change. 相似文献