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101.
102.
Jérôme Ballet Nicolas Sirven Augendra Bhukuth Sophie Rousseau 《Children and youth services review》2011,33(5):656-662
This article is concerned with an empirical study of girls of the street in Mauritania. This study is original for three main reasons. First, it investigates Mauritania, a country where there have been very few studies of the phenomenon of children of the street. Secondly, it seems to us that though the academic literature on street children sometimes provides comparisons between girls and boys, very few studies focus specifically on girls of the street. Thirdly, the literature focusing on children of the street generally elucidates the mechanisms that lead some young people to live on the streets. On the contrary to previous literature, our study does not directly focus on mechanisms that lead some young people to live on the streets. Our study focuses on the question of the socio-economic determinants of the risk of violence. In other words, whereas the literature, following the hypothesis of aberrant families, uses violence as an explanatory factor for the phenomenon of children of the street, we attempt here to highlight the explanatory factors for the risk of violence and we treat this risk as an explained variable. A novel finding emerges from this study: there is less risk of violence facing girls of the street if the mother does not work. Conversely, the risk of violence is greater if the mother works and the father stays at home. 相似文献
103.
Makram Talih Nicolas Hengartner 《Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology》2005,67(3):321-341
Summary. When modelling multivariate financial data, the problem of structural learning is compounded by the fact that the covariance structure changes with time. Previous work has focused on modelling those changes by using multivariate stochastic volatility models. We present an alternative to these models that focuses instead on the latent graphical structure that is related to the precision matrix. We develop a graphical model for sequences of Gaussian random vectors when changes in the underlying graph occur at random times, and a new block of data is created with the addition or deletion of an edge. We show how a Bayesian hierarchical model incorporates both the uncertainty about that graph and the time variation thereof. 相似文献
104.
Johannes Hrner Satoru Takahashi Nicolas Vieille 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2015,83(5):1795-1848
This paper characterizes an equilibrium payoff subset for dynamic Bayesian games as discounting vanishes. Monitoring is imperfect, transitions may depend on actions, types may be correlated, and values may be interdependent. The focus is on equilibria in which players report truthfully. The characterization generalizes that for repeated games, reducing the analysis to static Bayesian games with transfers. With independent private values, the restriction to truthful equilibria is without loss, except for the punishment level: if players withhold their information during punishment‐like phases, a folk theorem obtains. 相似文献
105.
Giudici Cristina Polettini Silvia de Rose Alessandra Brouard Nicolas 《Social indicators research》2019,142(3):1255-1283
Social Indicators Research - Besides health and socio-economic status, the social relationships maintained during elderly play an important role in shaping the living conditions at older ages. In... 相似文献
106.
We consider the problem of estimating the probability of detection (POD) of flaws in an industrial steel component. Modeled as an increasing function of the flaw height, the POD characterizes the detection process; it is also involved in the estimation of the flaw size distribution, a key input parameter of physical models describing the behavior of the steel component when submitted to extreme thermodynamic loads. Such models are used to assess the resistance of highly reliable systems whose failures are seldom observed in practice. We develop a Bayesian method to estimate the flaw size distribution and the POD function, using flaw height measures from periodic in‐service inspections conducted with an ultrasonic detection device, together with measures from destructive lab experiments. Our approach, based on approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) techniques, is applied to a real data set and compared to maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and a more classical approach based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques. In particular, we show that the parametric model describing the POD as the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of a log‐normal distribution, though often used in this context, can be invalidated by the data at hand. We propose an alternative nonparametric model, which assumes no predefined shape, and extend the ABC framework to this setting. Experimental results demonstrate the ability of this method to provide a flexible estimation of the POD function and describe its uncertainty accurately. 相似文献
107.
Nicolas Miconnet Marie Cornu Annie Beaufort Laurent Rosso Jean-Baptiste Denis 《Risk analysis》2005,25(1):39-48
The uncertainty associated with estimates should be taken into account in quantitative risk assessment. Each input's uncertainty can be characterized through a probabilistic distribution for use under Monte Carlo simulations. In this study, the sampling uncertainty associated with estimating a low proportion on the basis of a small sample size was considered. A common application in microbial risk assessment is the estimation of a prevalence, proportion of contaminated food products, on the basis of few tested units. Three Bayesian approaches (based on beta(0, 0), beta(1/2, 1/2), and beta(l, 1)) and one frequentist approach (based on the frequentist confidence distribution) were compared and evaluated on the basis of simulations. For small samples, we demonstrated some differences between the four tested methods. We concluded that the better method depends on the true proportion of contaminated products, which is by definition unknown in common practice. When no prior information is available, we recommend the beta (1/2, 1/2) prior or the confidence distribution. To illustrate the importance of these differences, the four methods were used in an applied example. We performed two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations to estimate the proportion of cold smoked salmon packs contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes, one dimension representing within-factory uncertainty, modeled by each of the four studied methods, and the other dimension representing variability between companies. 相似文献
108.
Employment growth in the temporary help supply industry 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
During the 1980s, a significant increase occurred in the employment of temporary workers — employees hired for a specific
task and for a limited duration — because of changing economic conditions that raised both the demand for and supply of temporary
workers. Using time-series data, we investigate the factors that influenced temporary employment growth by analyzing the expansion
in the temporary help supply (THS) industry. On the demand side, increasing aggregate output and heightened foreign competition
were the most important factors that encouraged firms to hire temporary workers. On the supply side, increasing participation
of certain demographic groups, notably married women, shifted the supply curve of temporary workers outward.
We thank Nathan Balke, Bonnie Fisher, and Jeff Mills for helpful comments. 相似文献
109.
This study examined the effect of tennis playing on the coincidence timing (CT) of older adults. Young, younger-old and older-old (20-30, 60-69, and 70-79 years old, respectively) tennis players and nonplayers were asked to synchronize a simple response (pressing a button) with the arrival of a moving stimulus at a target. Results showed that the older tennis players responded with a slight bias similar to that of the young players. Two experiments were conducted to determine whether the elimination of age effects through tennis playing was a result of maintaining basic perceptuomotor and perceptual processes or of some possible compensation strategy. The results revealed that the age-related increase in the visuomotor delay was significantly correlated with CT performance in older nonplayers but not in older tennis players. These results suggest that playing tennis is beneficial to older adults, insofar as they remained as accurate as younger ones despite less efficient perceptuomotor processes. This supports the compensation hypothesis. 相似文献
110.
Michal Myck Olivier Bargain Miriam Beblo Denis Beninger Richard Blundell Raquel Carrasco Maria-Concetta Chiuri François Laisney Valérie Lechene Ernesto Longobardi Nicolas Moreau Javier Ruiz-Castillo Frederic Vermeulen 《Review of Economics of the Household》2006,4(2):129-158
A framework for simplified implementation of the collective model of labor supply decisions is presented in the context of
fiscal reforms in the UK. Through its collective form the model accounts for the well known problem of distribution between
wallet and purse, a broadly debated issue which has so far been impossible to model due to the limitations of the unitary
model of household behavior. A calibrated data set is used to model the effects of introducing two forms of the Working Families’
Tax Credit. We also summarize results of estimations and calibrations obtained using the same methodology on data from five
other European countries. The results underline the importance of taking account of the intrahousehold decision process and
suggest that who receives government transfers does matter from the point of view of labor supply and welfare of household
members. They also highlight the need for more research into models of household behavior.
相似文献
Michal MyckEmail: |