The Emergence of Autoclitic Frames in Atypically and Typically Developing Children as a Function of Multiple Exemplar Instruction

In two experiments, we tested the effect of multiple exemplar instruction (MEI) for training sets on the emergence of autoclitic frames for spatial relations for novel tacts and mands. In Experiment 1, we used a replicated pre- and post-intervention probe design with four students with significant learning disabilities to test for acquisition of four autoclitic frames with novel tacts and mands before and after MEI. The untaught topographies emerged for all participants. In Experiment 2, we used a multiple probe design to test the effects of the MEI procedures on the same responses in four typically developing, bilingual students. The novel usage emerged for all participants. In the latter experiment, the children demonstrated untaught usage of mand or tact frames regardless of whether they were taught to respond in either listener or speaker functions alone or across listener and speaker functions. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of MEI in the formation of abstractions.     

Trying to make race science the “civil” science: charisma in the race and intelligence debates

Theory and Society - When studying science contexts, scholars typically position charismatic authority as an adjunct or something that provides a meaning-laden boost to rational authority. In this...     

Behavioral Exploration of Career and Specialty Choice in Medical Students

Understanding the process by which students naturally construct and internalize their educational experiences relating to career development is important to career counseling. The author investigated how exploratory behaviors during a community‐based field experience course contributed to the vocational development of 1st‐year medical students. Behavioral exploration data regarding medical career development and specialty decision making were collected from 91 first‐year medical students before and after they engaged in an exploratory behavioral activity, the Ambulatory Care Experience course. Findings suggest that students had not progressed in their medical career development and that more uncertainty existed among students after completing the course.     

Sharing roles,sharing custody? Couples’ characteristics and children's living arrangements at separation

This article examines children's living arrangements when parents separate, during a period of rapid increase in shared physical custody in the 1990s. With prospective data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (N= 758 families) and a sample of families experiencing parental separation between successive survey cycles, we use multinomial logistic regression techniques to explore how characteristics of parents in intact families (mother's employment, income, and so on) influence physical custody outcomes at separation. Findings indicate that although the way couples share roles while living together has a strong influence on how they divide responsibilities when they separate, other factors also have important roles to play.     

The Evolution of the Human Self: Tracing the Natural History of Self-Awareness

Previous discussions of the evolution of the self have diverged greatly in their estimates of the date at which the capacity for self-thought emerged, the factors that led self-reflection to evolve, and the nature of the evidence offered to support these disparate conclusions. Beginning with the assumption that human self-awareness involves a set of distinct cognitive abilities that evolved at different times to solve different adaptive problems, we trace the evolution of self-awareness from the common ancestor of humans and apes to the beginnings of culture, drawing upon paleontological, anthropological, biological, and psychological evidence. These data converge to suggest that that modern self-thought appeared just prior to the Middle-Upper Paleolithic transition, approximately 60,000 years ago.Recto running head: Evolution of the Self .     

Ethnische Bildungsungleichheit zu Schulbeginn

The present paper aims to explain ethnic educational inequality upon starting school, it considers as an example the children’s school readiness, and focuses on preschool attendance as a main determinant. The start of the children’s school career is mainly presumed to be influenced by the skills acquired in their preschool years. On the basis of the data of the school entrance examination of the City of Osnabrück for the years 2000 to 2005, ethnic differences at the end of their preschool time can be detected. These differences still persist when controlling for family background. However, when the duration of preschool attendance is taken into account, the ethnic effect on school readiness decreases, disappearing completely when additionally controlling for the children’s cognitive and linguistic skills. Further analyses show that preschool attendance affects school readiness both directly and indirectly (via cognitive and linguistic skills). The results emphasize the relevance of preschool attendance within the framework of preschool education.     

The historical functional linear model

The authors develop a functional linear model in which the values at time t of a sample of curves yi (t) are explained in a feed‐forward sense by the values of covariate curves xi(s) observed at times s ±.t. They give special attention to the case s ± [t — δ, t], where the lag parameter δ is estimated from the data. They use the finite element method to estimate the bivariate parameter regression function β(s, t), which is defined on the triangular domain s ± t. They apply their model to the problem of predicting the acceleration of the lower lip during speech on the basis of electromyographical recordings from a muscle depressing the lip. They also provide simulation results to guide the calibration of the fitting process.     

The Rise and Stall of Canada's Gender‐Equity Revolution

The growing symmetry in gender roles is a revolutionary change as consequential as technological advances and globalization. We illustrate how the social world in Canada has changed for women and men over the course of the last century, both in terms of greater gender equity and of policies supporting equity. However, some of the significant changes that occurred in the last 100 years have recently stalled, while the overall progress has been uneven for certain subgroups. We suggest reasons for both the stalling and the unevenness and make policy recommendations for reigniting the march to enhanced equality between the sexes. La symétrie croissante des rôles liés aux identités sexuelles constitue un changement révolutionnaire, dont les conséquences sont aussi puissantes que celles dues aux avancées technologiques et à la globalisation. Nous démontrons comment la sphère sociale canadienne a changé pour la femme et pour l'homme durant le dernier siècle, tant au niveau de l’égalité des sexes qu'au niveau des politiques qui soutiennent cette égalité. Toutefois, certains des changements importants qui ont eu lieu durant le dernier siècle ont connu une récente stagnation, et certains changements n'ont pas été appliqués avec le même effort dans tous les groupes sociaux. Nous proposons des explications pour cette stagnation et pour ces inégalités, tout en suggérant des améliorations politiques qui viseront à relancer la progression vers une égalité complète entre hommes et femmes.