The Determinants of Non-Executive Representation on the Boards of Large UK Companies

An important aspect of current governance practice is theutilisation of non-executive directors to monitor the behaviourof senior management. The purpose of this paper is to provide aninitial insight on the determinants of non-executiverepresentation on the boards of large UK companies. The studyadopts an agency theory perspective, focusing specifically on theimpact of company size and ownership on non-executiverepresentation. I find that larger companies, where monitoringvia ownership is expected to be less efficient, utilise higherlevels of non-executive representation. I also find thatnon-executive representation is positively associated with theownership of external blockholders. The presence of CEO/chairmanduality has a negative impact on non-executive representation. Overall, the findings suggest that companies utilise boards withstronger monitoring potential when size and ownershipcharacteristics suggest that alternative governance mechanismsmay be unable to ensure managers pursue shareholders' interests.     

虚构类影片、非虚构类影片与假定性论断的电影：对概念的分析

纪录片的真实性是学界长期以来一直探讨但并未解决的问题。对虚构类影片、非虚构类影片与假定性论断的影片等概念的界定,可以帮助我们找到关于纪录片真实性的界定范围和方法。我们不能仅凭文本的外部特征诸如风格、媒介形态等来界定呈现和表现,即便我们可以区分呈现和表现,这一对概念也不能用来区分虚构和非虚构影片。只有观众意识到作者的意图从而进行假定性想象才有可能界定虚构的影片,反之也可以界定非虚构影片。因此,纪录片是一种假定性论断的电影,制作人意图和消息来源索引成为假定性论断的重要依据。     

Impact of the Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Programs on the Employment of Women in the US

Abstract. This study examines the impact that Equal Employment Opportunity and affirmative action programs that were implemented in 1965 have had on the employment of women relative to that of men in the United States. Using time series data covering the period 1947-1988. the results indicate that women in the 20-54 age group benefitted in terms of greater stability of employment (i.e. less sensitivity to short-run variations in employment) over the period 1965-1980 while they lost some of these gains over the period 1981-1988 (corresponding to the tenure of the Reagan Administration). Men in the same age group, on the other hand, experienced the opposite effect. That is. men in the 20-54 age group became more sensitive to short-run variations in employment over the period 1965-1980 and less sensitive over the period 1981-1988. The evidence also indicates that the EEO and affirmative action programs had the effect of increasing the share of projected employment of women in the 20-24 age group and in the 55-64 age. group while decreasing the share of projected employment of men in the comparable age groups.     

Language educators’ regard for variation in late modernity: Perceptions of linguistic variation in minority contexts

This article investigates language educators’ regard for linguistic variation in a minority language context. It argues that teachers function as language norm authorities who may influence the linguistic practices and ideologies of students, and that this role takes on added significance in minority language contexts where access to the target language may be limited. Data are presented from a study on the linguistic ideologies of Irish language educators – ‘new speakers’ who acquired the language mainly thorough the education system. Participants’ ideologies on variation in modern spoken Irish were explored using semi‐structured interviews incorporating a speaker evaluation design. Although participants valorise traditional dialectal varieties of Irish, in line with established hierarchies, ideological frameworks are contested so that new ways of using Irish are beginning to gain overt acceptance. The results reveal the manner in which hierarchies of language variation in the Irish language are in flux in our contemporary late‐modern period.     

Treatment of Marital Disharmony Where One Spouse Has A Primary Affective Disorder (Manic Depressive Illness): I. General Overview—100 Couples*

This paper gives a general overview of the treatment of marital disharmony where one spouse has a primary affective disorder. This is the first of a series of clinical-statistical studies on the subject. Neither purely clinical conclusions without the insights of statistics nor vice versa are sufficient methodologically. By treatment we mean a variety of interventions ranging from psychotherapies to somatotherapies (pharmaceuticals and/or electroconvulsive therapy [ECT]). By marital disharmony we mean where the nature of the marital relationship is such that it leads to sufficient pain in either or both spouses to warrent treatment.     

Research notes/Notes de recherche: Du français dans le del: un conflit en retard

This paper examines the factors which may account for the timing of the francophone-anglophone conflict in air traffic control in Quebec in 1975–76. Following recent debates in the literature of collective action two hypotheses are considered. Explanations stressing relative deprivation are examined, as well as interpretations based on the propositions of the resource-mobilization approach.
In the case studied here it appears that resources are indeed the crucial factor in explaining the timing of the conflict. However, the dynamics of the conflict cannot be fully understood unless socio-psychological factors are included. Research methodologies taking account of these two dimensions must be elaborated to study conflict.
Cet article examine les facteurs qui expliquent le moment historique du conflit qui opposa les groupes francophone et anglophone dans le contrôle de la navigation aérienne en 1975–76. Les contributions théoriques de deux courants divergents dans la littérature sociologique contemporaine sont retenues. Les facteurs psycho-socioiogiques tels que les sentiments de frustration et d'insatisfaction privilégiés par le modèle dit de privation relative sont examinés. Les facteurs structuraux tels que l'organisation et la disponibilité de ressources nouvelles mis de l'avant dans l'approche mobilisation de ressources sont aussi invoqués.     

Supporting familial and community care for children: legislative reform and implementation challenges in South Africa

This article critically evaluates important legislative reforms in South Africa, which, at the height of the AIDS pandemic, are intended to reduce the need for removing children from their families or communities. In a textual analysis of the 2005 Children's Act and the 2006 Children's Act Amendment Bill, the shift in focus from individual interventions to a developmental approach incorporating prevention and early intervention is explained. New family service and alternative care orders such as partial care, shared care, cluster care and support for child-headed households are described. Although these creative solutions have considerable potential, there are gaps in the legislation that require supplementary wording. Drawing on the work of researchers and commentators, it is also shown that an inappropriate approach towards implementation has commenced, which harms rather than assists children. Recommendations are made for improving implementation that may be of relevance to other countries faced with similar challenges.     

Constructing a city,building a life: Brazilian construction workers’ continuous mobility as a permanent life strategy

This article provides an ethnographic analysis of domestic labor mobility among Brazilian construction workers in the context of the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. We start from the premise that mobile laborers are crucial for the physical development and expansion of cities. However, the importance of domestic migrants in this process is insufficiently addressed in mobility studies. Building on existing research on domestic population movements in Brazil, we argue that the current generation of mobile construction workers draws on the intangible and material infrastructure generated by previous generations of migrants to enable novel kinds of (permanent) labor mobilities.     

Effects of Defending: The Longitudinal Relations Among Peer‐perceived Defending of Victimized Peers,Victimization, and Liking

Previous research has shown victims of peer aggression to be positively impacted by being defended by peers, but how enacted defending impacts defenders themselves is not thoroughly understood. In this study, the longitudinal associations between peer‐perceived liking, enacted defending, and defender's own victimization were investigated among 336 adolescents (M age = 13.21 years). Peer perceived liking was expected to predict defending. It was also hypothesized that a reputation for defending victimized peers would be related to being perceived as less victimized and more liked over time. Results showed that peer perceived liking was not predictive of defending. Enacted defending was associated with a decrease in victimization over time, but also a decrease in peer‐perceived liking. Defenders may benefit from enacted defending by decreasing their own victimization, but this benefit is nuanced.