Child Sexual Abuse: Community Concerns in Urban Tanzania

The aim of this study was to explore community perceptions about child sexual abuse in Tanzania. Thirteen focus group discussions were conducted with adult community members. The core category, children's rights challenged by lack of agency, was supported by eight categories. Aware but distressed portrayed feelings of hopelessness, lack of trust in the healthcare and legal systems reflected perceived malpractice, decreased respect for children's rights referred to poor parental care and substance abuse, myths justifying CSA illustrated cultural beliefs to rationalize child sexual abuse, disclosure threatened by fear of stigma and discriminationaligned the manifestations that prevent disclosure, actions driven by economic circumstances described the economical dependence of victims, urging a change in procedures reflected informants' wish to ally with local governance and pressure groups, and willingness to act indicated the community's role in supporting victims. The study showed how lack of agency calls for efforts to increase children's human rights at all levels.     

Family Trends and Transracial Adoption in the United States

Several demographic trends have changed family formation in the United States resulting in fewer babies being made available for adoption. At the same time the number of transracial adoptions appears to be increasing. We use the 5% Public Use Microdata Sample of the 2000 census and the National Survey of Adoptive Parents to examine the social and demographic characteristics of those who adopt transracially. Transracial adoption of Hispanic and Asian children, but not Black children, is associated with higher income and education levels. It is less likely in the South, but more likely among those who have had military experience.     

A study of traits predictive of economic success 1

Abstract

In this paper it is argued that the family's sense of its own power is highly contingent on its relationship to the surrounding community. Power is conceptualized as both an external situation and an internal process of constructing meaning. Traditional approaches to the study of power are reviewed, as well as relevant theoretical and research models. It is suggested that a social constructionist perspective, in‐depth interviewing, ethnography, and family assessment techniques can inform an approach for gaining better access to family constructions of power.     

The Rise of Middle-Class Culture in Nineteenth-Century Spain

Alan Macfarlane et al. (ed.), Records of an English Village. Earls Colne 1400–1750 (1980), Computer Output Microfiche with printed guides (Chadwyck‐Healey, Cambridge, £125).

Felicity Heal, Of Prelates and Princes: A Study of the Economic and Social Position of the Tudor Episcopate (1980), xvi+363 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £17.50).

V. G. Kiernan, State and Society in Europe 1550–1650 (1980), x+309 (Basil Blackwell, Oxford, £12.00).

Martin Scharfe, Die Religion des Volkes. Kleine Kultur‐ und Sozialgeschichte des Pietismus [The Religion of the People. A Brief Cultural and Social History of Pietism.] (1980), 180 (Gütersloher Verlagshaus Mohn, Gütersloh, DM 24).

James C. McClelland, Autocrats and Academics: Education, Culture and Society in Tsarist Russia (1979), xiv+150 (Chicago University Press, Chicago &; London, £8.40).

A. E. Dingle, The Campaign for Prohibition in Victorian England: The United Kingdom Alliance, 1872–1895 (1980), 233 (Croom Helm, £12.50).

G. R. Hawke, Economics for Historians (1980), xii+237 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £10.50, paperback £3.95).     

Problem solving: not good medicine for health care

Explore the challenging paradoxes that run throughout health care and consider ways to accept them into an organization.     

Applying statistical tests to empirically compare tabu search parameters for MAX 3-SATISFIABILITY: A case study

The application of stochastic heuristic, like tabu search or simulated annealing, to address hard discrete optimization problems has been an important advance for efficiently obtaining good solutions in a reasonable amount of computing time. A challenge when applying such heuristics is assessing when a particular set of parameter values yields better performance compared to other such sets of parameter values. For example, it can be difficult to determine the optimal mix of memory types to incorporate into tabu search. This in turn prompts users to undertake a trial and error phase to determine the best combination of parameter settings for the problem under study. Moreover, for a given problem instance, one set of heuristic parameter settings may yield a better solution than another set of parameters, for a given initial solution. However, the performance of this heuristic on this instance for a single heuristic execution is not sufficient to assert that the first set of parameter settings will always produce superior results than the second set of parameters, for all initial solutions.