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21.
Self-reinforcing spatial clusters of migration and socio-economic conditions in Finland in 1998–2006
All the time the long economic growth period of 1992–2008 prevailed in Finland, the economic landscape was changing constantly and markedly. We analyse in this article how net migration plagued certain less competitive, mainly rural push-lose municipalities, and boosted in-migration to the pull-win municipalities in metropolitan environments during the very affluent period of 1998–2006. A persistent spatial match of net migration with pull and push conditions is evident in the socio-economically polarized extremes of the Finnish municipalities, indicating the existence of self-reinforcing processes which generate spatial clusters or in more theoretical terms, spatial formations. During the period of economic growth a spatial cumulative causation emerged to bring about a metropolitan type of regional development with only a few metropolitan areas, geographically wide and relatively stable intermediate areas and semi-peripheral, highly rural clusters of pronounced decline. Negative spatial cumulative causation brought about by the impacts of the shrinking primary and service sectors emerged in sparsely populated semi-peripheral municipalities, enforcing the regional polarization in demographic characteristics between growth centres and the poorest municipalities. The observed spatial clusters emerge as classes of their own in the Finnish typology of municipalities, exposing the areas of strongest flux. Our results indicate that various regional policy measures contributed to generating the success of economic evolution within fairly narrow, limited geographical areas. 相似文献
22.
Olli E. Kangas 《International social security review》2012,65(1):73-97
This article examines the timing of the introduction of four major social security programmes — work accident insurance, sickness benefits, pensions, and family allowances — in 43 African countries. Further, it explores whether legislative structure, dominant religion or the colonial past of the country is of importance when we control for year of independence, prosperity, degree of democracy, government stability, industrialization and the size and ethnic homogeneity of the population. On the basis of Cox hazard rate modelling it is concluded that industrialized, homogeneous and rather populous countries that were under French rule tend to be pioneers in African social security legislation. 相似文献
23.
ABSTRACTDeinstitutionalization is an important trend in the redesign of long-term eldercare in Finland. It refers to a process where traditional institutional care is partly replaced by home care services and the creation of homelike housing units. The first part of this article provides an overview of eldercare service redesign by using national statistics. The second part consists of qualitative analysis of the deinstitutionalization of eldercare. The data consist of 27 interviews conducted among municipal care administrators and is analyzed using thematic and discourse analysis. Main findings show a deep policy change taking place in eldercare deinstitutionalization discourse lying at its center. A distinction between explicit and implicit deinstitutionalization discourse is made. The former clearly states that institutional care needs to be cut back making it possible for all older people to live at home or in homelike housing facilities. Implicit deinstitutionalization discourse is underpinned by comments of a different type, more critical and problem-centered. Within intensive service housing, for instance, fee policy is reformed. The main results include the observation that explicit deinstitutionalization discourse is in line with the national policy aims of putting home first, while implicit discourse deals with hidden or unexpected consequences. The article discusses future research in the conclusion. 相似文献
24.
Olli Kangas 《International Journal of Social Welfare》2010,19(Z1):S42-S59
Kangas O. One hundred years of money, welfare and death: mortality, economic growth and the development of the welfare state in 17 OECD countries 1900–2000 Int J Soc Welfare 2010: ??: ??–??© 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. The article focuses on the role played by the welfare state vis‐à‐vis GDP in the increase of life expectancy in 17 OECD countries 1900–2000. The article shows that money matters, war kills and the welfare state is good for health. There is a curvilinear relationship between prosperity and longevity: after a certain level, the marginal utility of an extra dollar levels off. In the longer run, growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition. The welfare state plays its role, too. Bigger is better, be it with regard to social spending or the generosity or coverage of social protection. For the life expectancy of a population to increase, it is better to have broader coverage or universal access to care than to have more generous benefits, which are channelled to a limited circle of citizens. It is better to give adequately to all than lavishly to too few. 相似文献
25.
Anni Kangas Daria Krivonos Inna Perheentupa Saara Särmä 《International Feminist Journal of Politics》2019,21(3):355-382
This article explores the potential of collage epistemology to cultivate queer intellectual curiosity about international relations. It argues that collaging and queering share many points of departure: in both, objects are taken from their conventional contexts and assembled into new relational constellations. The article draws from pedagogical work where collages were used in university teaching on the politics of gender and sexuality. A set of collages made by students are interpreted and brought into a dialogue with queer theorizing. The article suggests that collaging involves smashing a variety of containers that social sciences inquiry often operates with. It troubles not only established conceptions of sexuality and intimacy but also territoriality and theorizing. On this basis, the article concludes that collaging offers a fruitful modality of thought, analysis and expression for queer world-making projects. 相似文献
26.
Disabled children’s opportunity to act as agents may be compromised because adults have the power to choose who are entitled to express agency. Disabled children spend much time in institutions and with professionals of different fields. The aim of this literature review was to find out which factors facilitate or hinder the realization of disabled children’s agency in institutional contexts. As data we used 19 research articles and analysed them with inductive content analysis. Key factors relate to professionals’ attitudes towards diversity, children and themselves as well as professionals’ communication skills and institutional factors that enable the child to have an influence or prevent it and which give or do not give room for children’s peer relationships. Rethinking the child and adult view and learning dialogical communication are recommended in the education of all fields that work with disabled children. 相似文献
27.
Angela Hayden Ramesh S. Bhatt Ashley Kangas Nicole Zieber Jane E. Joseph 《Infancy》2012,17(5):578-590
Adults’ processing of own‐race faces differs from that of other‐race faces. The presence of an “other‐race” feature (ORF) has been proposed as a mechanism underlying this specialization. We examined whether this mechanism, which was previously identified in adults and in 9‐month‐olds, is evident at 3.5 months. Caucasian 3.5‐month‐olds looked longer at a pattern containing a single Asian face among seven Caucasian faces than at a pattern containing a single Caucasian face among seven Asian faces. Homogenous and inverted face control conditions indicated that infants’ preference was not driven by the majority of faces in arrays or by low‐level features. Thus, 3.5‐month‐olds found the presence of an other‐race face among own‐race faces to be more salient than the reverse configuration. This asymmetry suggests sensitivity to an ORF at 3.5 months. Thus, a key mechanism of race‐based processing in adults has an early onset, indicating rapid development of specialization early in life. 相似文献
28.
The apparent decline of partisan effects on social policies since the 1980s has encouraged the development of theories that challenge the traditional partisan politics theory. Although the new politics approach pointed to institutional path-dependence and to the unpopularity of radical retrenchment, recent research has highlighted shifts in electoral landscapes, differences in party systems and institutional contexts, and changing party-voter linkages. This in-depth case study contributes to debates on partisan effects by focusing on Finland, whose dualistic unemployment benefit system and institutional and political conditions provide an interesting case to analyse changing partisan effects. The aim is to explain, through qualitative policy analysis, why government partisanship has not had a significant effect on unemployment benefit levels since 1985. The explanations are different for earnings-related and flat-rate benefits. For the former, retrenchment efforts have seen a distinct partisan divide, but trade unions have thwarted most cutbacks; thus, although partisanship has not mattered much for policy outcomes, power resources have remained important as inhibitor of cuts. For the latter, parties that in the late 1980s still had differing priorities have since converged on policies emphasizing activation and work incentives. Universal flat-rate benefits have lacked political support and have been left to stagnate. The study suggests that one single theory is not sufficient to explain developments even in one single welfare policy—there are too many aspects to cover—not to speak of the entire welfare state consisting of an array of different schemes. 相似文献
29.
Piia Karjalainen Olli Kiviruusu Pivi Santalahti Eeva T. Aronen 《Child & Family Social Work》2021,26(1):38-49
The aim of this study was to assess parents' satisfaction and perceived usefulness of the Incredible Years® (IY®) parenting programme in the Child Protection Services (CPS) context, where children's behaviour problems are common. Evidence‐based programmes are rarely offered in CPS, and little is known about how they are perceived by parents. We compared parents (N = 62) with (N = 43) and without (N = 19) CPS contact regarding their satisfaction with the IY® parenting programme, with information gathered from weekly and final evaluation forms. The attendance rate of parents to the weekly sessions (max 19) was also calculated. Comparisons between CPS and non‐CPS clients were analysed using multilevel models. Satisfaction scores ranged between 5.8 and 6.2 (max 7) for all studied domains. Mean attendance rate to the group sessions was 11.5 (SD 5.9), and 74% of participants attended at least nine out of 19 sessions. No group differences emerged in satisfaction or attendance between CPS and non‐CPS parents. Parents in CPS committed well to the programme and found it as useful as parents without CPS contact. IY® appears to be acceptable to parents involved in CPS, and their engagement to the programme can be considered as reasonably good. 相似文献
30.
生态工程:可持续的环保理念 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
每年夏天,世界很多国家都会担心泥石流的问题.要如何才能走出这样的困境?"生态工程"正为我们提供了一条改变的线索.生态工程的具体实行,简单地说就是让水能循环,让土壤能呼吸,让动植物得以安全生长、繁衍.这些看来好像教科书里的教条,要如何实践干生活中呢? 相似文献