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51.
Using a range of examples, the paper argues that there is an information deficit concerning early childhood services; even on the most basic issues, there is either no information or such information as does exists is unreliable, limited or outdated. This matters because information is a necessary condition for good policy, for open and democratic decision making and for giving visibility to young children. The article concludes by considering how an adequate information system might be developed based on annual returns from individual services and regular surveys of households with children. 相似文献
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Maria Noonan Julie Jomeen Rose Galvin Owen Doody 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2018,31(6):e358-e366
Background
Midwives have a primary role in facilitating the first stage of perinatal mental health risk reduction through inquiring about perinatal mental health, identifying risk factors and current perinatal mental health problems, providing support or crisis intervention, referring for treatment and decreasing stigmatisation.Aims
The aims of this study were to determine midwives’ (a) knowledge of and confidence to identify and manage perinatal mental health problems, (b) attitudes towards women who experience severe mental illness and (c) perceived learning needs.Design
A cross-sectional survey design.Methods
The study was conducted between September 2016 and April 2017 in seven Maternity services in the Republic of Ireland with a purposeful non-random convenience sample of midwives (n = 157). Data was anonymously collected utilising the Perinatal Mental Health Questionnaire, the Mental Illness: Clinician’s Attitudes scale and the Perinatal Mental Health Learning Needs questionnaire.Findings
Midwives indicated high levels of knowledge (71.1%) and confidence (72%) in identifying women who experience depression and anxiety however, they reported less confidence in caring (43.9%) for women. Only 17.8% (n = 28) of midwives felt equipped to support women whilst 15.3% (n = 24) reported having access to sufficient information. Midwives desire education on the spectrum of perinatal mental health problems. The mean score for the Mental Illness: Clinician’s Attitudes scale was 36.31 (SD = 7.60), indicating positive attitudes towards women with severe mental illness.Conclusion
Midwives require further education on perinatal mental health across cultures with a skill focus and which explores attitudes delivered in a study day format. 相似文献55.
56.
Gareth Williams Olly Owen Alex Duncan William Kingsmill Anna Paterson 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2019,37(Z1):O33-O49
The UK Department for International Development's country office in Nigeria (DFID Nigeria) has gradually adopted a thinking and working politically (TWP) approach in its governance programming. The initial focus on strengthening analysis has progressively been linked to discussion about the country and programme strategy, as well as programme‐management practices. Important lessons can be learned from this experience on how the TWP approach can be applied in practice. The article addresses three research questions: (1) To what extent have DFID Nigeria and its governance programmes adopted a TWP approach? (2) How has the TWP approach influenced the design and delivery of programming? (3) Has the application of the TWP approach enhanced the results of the DFID governance programming? Using project documentation and wider theoretical literature, but mainly relying on extensive participant observation within DFID Nigeria programmes, the article uses a historical perspective to outline how the TWP approach has been applied in Nigeria over 15 years of programme design, delivery, lesson‐learning and refinement . Published evaluation reports are used to provide evidence of programme results. DFID Nigeria and its programmes have progressively adopted TWP principles. This has led to clear changes in country strategy and programme design, as well as programme‐management practices. There is some evidence that the adoption of these principles has enhanced the results of DFID Nigeria programmes. By focusing on experimentation and “small bets,” TWP has proven relatively successful in generating and supporting ‘islands of effectiveness,’ but has had more limited impact in terms of generating more systemic, transformational change. The results obtained in Nigeria using the TWP approach have depended not only on Nigeria's political economy but also on the political economy of the development agency and donor country. DFID Nigeria's ability to engage in critical self‐reflection and to create an authorizing environment for risk‐taking have been vital to create enabling conditions for the TWP approach. However, other aspects of DFID and the UK's political economy are creating constraints that limit the prospects to go further and to go deeper in adopting the principles of TWP. 相似文献
57.
Marcus A. Fagan Cynthia A. Frosch Wendy Middlemiss Jasmine N. LaCoursiere Margaret T. Owen Amie A. Hane Martha G. Welch 《Infancy》2019,24(6):881-892
Emotional Connection (EC) measured by the Welch Emotional Connection Screen (WECS) was related to the Parent–Infant Interaction Rating System (PIIRS), a 5‐point adaptation of the rating system developed for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (e.g., NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, 1999, Developmental Psychology, 35, 1399). Parent–infant dyads (n = 49 mothers; 43 fathers) were videotaped during face‐to‐face interaction at infant age 6 months; interactions were coded with both the WECS and PIIRS. At age 3, mothers completed the Child Behavior Checklist. WECS ratings of EC were associated with PIIRS rating items for both mother–infant and father–infant dyads. Mother–infant EC related positively to maternal sensitivity and positive regard for child, child positive mood and sustained attention, and dyadic mutuality, and negatively with maternal intrusiveness. Father–infant EC related positively to fathers' positive regard for child, child positive mood and sustained attention, and dyadic mutuality. Mother–infant EC predicted child behavior problems at age 3 better than mother–infant PIIRS ratings of dyadic mutuality. With fathers, neither EC nor dyadic mutuality ratings predicted mother‐reported child behavior problems. Findings highlight the practical utility of the WECS for identifying potentially at‐risk dyads and supporting early relational health. 相似文献
58.
The rural-urban gap in infant mortality rates is explained by using a new decomposition method that permits identification
of the contribution of unobserved heterogeneity at the household and the community level. Using Demographic and Health Survey
data for six Francophone countries in Central and West sub-Saharan Africa, we find that differences in the distributions of
factors that determine mortality-not differences in their effects-explain almost the entire gap. Higher infant mortality rates
in rural areas mainly derive from the rural disadvantage in household characteristics, both observed and unobserved, which
explain two-thirds of the gap. Among the observed characteristics, environmental factors-a safe source of drinking water,
electricity, and quality of housing materials-are the most important contributors. Community characteristics explain less
than onequarter of the gap, with about two-thirds of this coming from community unobserved heterogeneity and one-third from
the existence of a health facility within the community. The effect of disadvantageous environmental conditions-such as limited
electricity and water supply-derives both from a lack of community-level infrastructure and from the inability of some households
to exploit it when available. Policy needs to operate at both the community and household levels to correct such deficiencies. 相似文献
59.
The current study examined the effectiveness of the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP) with lower-income and racial/ethnic minority (African American and Latino/a) couples. Additionally, we tested whether relationship outcomes varied based on the delivery format (i.e., group format vs. couple format). The sample included 321 unmarried couples expecting a child or who have a child 3 month old or younger. The couples participated in 16 hr of PREP via a group or a couple format over the course of 2-3 months. Couples relationship quality was assessed prior to and directly after the program. The results showed that men and women demonstrated significant gains in their communication skills, relationship functioning, friendship, dedication, and relationship confidence. Couples who participated in PREP via the couple format had better outcomes on three of the seven relational outcomes as compared to couples who participated in PREP via the group format. 相似文献
60.
Kelley Quirk Johanna Strokoff Jesse J. Owen Tiffany France Carrie Bergen 《Journal of marital and family therapy》2014,40(4):442-453
Couple relationship education (CRE) programs are intended to prevent negative couple outcomes, however, some evidence suggests couples in greater distress may still benefit. The current study examined pre‐ and postchanges in relationship functioning of 362 low‐income African American and Hispanic couples. Outcomes (dedication and communication) were assessed by examining differences between two distinct groupings of couples; distressed (both partners reporting clinically significant distress) and nondistressed (neither partner reporting clinically significant distress) couples. Distressed couples at predemonstrated large‐sized gains in all outcome variables, as compared to nondistressed couples. Those who participated in the single‐couple format demonstrated lower gains in positive communication as compared to those in the group format. Implications for distressed couples in CRE programs are offered. 相似文献