Socioeconomic status and the concentric zonal structure of Canadian cities

La plupart des rechercheurs qui étudient la structure des régions metropolitaines canadiennes ont utilisé les données du recensement du Canada qui ont été groupées en secteurs de recensement. Dans cette recherche un type alternatif de données est utilisé, qui vient ?un sondage qui donne les renseignements sur les répondants individuels. Les comparaisons sont faites des caractéristiques des répondants qui demeurent au centre-ville, les plus vieux faubourgs et les nouveaux faubourgs. Comme dans la recherche précédente, on trouve que le statut socio-économique augmente avec la distance du zone central de la ville. Les effets sont moins forts que ceux que ?on trouve dans les différents stages de la vie et plus forts que ceux de ?ethnie ou du lieu de naissance. Le niveau de revenu des répondants démontre un rapport plus marqué que ?autres mesures de statut socio-économique, de profession et ?éducation. Tous les liens, pourtant, sont très modestes en comparaison avec ceux que ?on trouve en analysant les données des secteurs de recensement. Most researchers studying the structure of Canadian metropolitan areas have used data from the Census of Canada which has been grouped into Census tracts. In this research an alternative type of data is used from a large national survey which provides information on individual respondents. Comparisons are made of the characteristics of respondents living in the central city, the older suburbs and the new suburbs. As in earlier research, socioeconomic status is found to increase with distance from the city core. The pattern is less strong than that found for life cycle stage, and stronger than that for ethnicity or birthplace. The income level of the respondents shows a stronger relationship than the other measures of socioeconomic status, occupation and education. All the retionships, however, are found to be extremely modest, in contrast to those found in analysis of the census tract data.     

“Like a violet unseen”—the apotheosis of absence in Hutterite life*

Cet article tente de comprendre la manière dont les Hutterites imprègnent de signification les phénomènes invisibles et imperceptibles. II comprend trois parties principales. La première est une analyse structurale qui, tout en demontrant que l'absence de designation est un aspect important de la symbolique hutterite, ne réussit pas à relier significations et actes. La seconde partie utilise la théorie pragmatique de la communication pour comprendre comment l'absence fonctionne dans la conduite réelle (dans l'appel a l‘église et à la chorale). Cependant cette théorie pragmatique est aussi superficielle car elle engendre un paradoxe qui est un artefact produit par l'analyse et elle échoue à pénétrer la réalité psychologique de la vie quotidienne des Hutterites dans laquelle l'absence de choses “mondaines” sert à signifier la présence de l'Esprit-Saint. La dernière partie utilise un procédé littéraire et une métaphore musicale pour essayer d'evoquer l'imprégnation mystique de la réalité hutterite. In this paper an attempt is made to understand how Hutterians imbue unseen and unheard phenomena with meaning. The paper consists of three basic parts. The first section is a structural analysis which, while it demonstrates that the absence of designata is an important aspect of Hutterian symbology, fails to relate meaning to acts. The second section utilizes pragmatic communication theory to understand how absence functions within actual behaviour (in the call to church and singing). However, the pragmatic theory is also superficial in that it produces a paradox which is an artifact of analysis and it fails to penetrate the psychological reality of Hutterite life in which the absence of worldly things serves to signify the omnipresent Holy Spirit. The third section utilizes a literary device and a musical metaphor in an attempt to evoke the mystical sentiment of the Hutterian reality.     

Newspapers, Television and Political Reasoning

Adults' use of newspapers is found to correlate positively withhaving reasons for preferring one U.S. senatorial candidateover another. Television exposure is negatively related to politicalreasoning to a nearly significant degree. Data were providedby a 1974 nationwide, postelection survey. Analysis was conductedat the aggregate level, examining media behavior and politicalknowledge in 67 news markets. News markets with competitionamong daily newspapers show greater levels of information thanmonopoly areas, controlling for education and interest in politics.Results suggest that a decline in newspaper penetration, lessenedcompetition, or shift toward use of television for news wouldweaken peoples' understanding about partisan candidates.     

The Probable Extent of Minor Mental Illness in the Adult Clients of Social Workers: A Research Note

Summary A small scale pilot study was conducted in two area teams andfour part-time GP attachment schemes to test the use of a psychiatricscreening instrument (GHQ28) and social assessments. The instrumentswere administered at case allocation and again at three months.Few clinical and social changes were observed in the short term.It was found that 27 out of 40 cases (68%) were identified bythe psychiatric screening instruments as probable cases of minordisorder, on both occasions, and that a further seven clientscould have had a transient disturbance. On the basis of theseresults it was felt that a larger two-stage enquiry was warranted,and necessary, before definite conclusions could be drawn.     

Dynamic Choice and NonExpected Utility

This paper explores how some widely studied classes of nonexpected utility models could be used in dynamic choice situations. A new "sequential consistency" condition is introduced for single-stage and multi-stage decision problems. Sequential consistency requires that if a decision maker has committed to a family of models (e.g., the multiple priors family, the rank-dependent family, or the betweenness family) then he use the same family throughout. Conditions are presented under which dynamic consistency, consequentialism, and sequential consistency can be simultaneously preserved for a nonexpected utility maximizer. An important class of applications concerns cases where the exact sequence of decisions and events, and thus the dynamic structure of the decision problem, is relevant to the decision maker. It is shown that for the multiple priors model, dynamic consistency, consequentialism, and sequential consistency can all be preserved. The result removes the argument that nonexpected utility models cannot be consistently used in dynamic choice situations. Rank-dependent and betweenness models can only be used in a restrictive manner, where deviation from expected utility is allowed in at most one stage.     

Social Service Teams and their Managers

Summary A study is reported of the perceived effectiveness of teamsof social workers and their managers. Prior studies are reviewedand shown to give disproportionate emphasis to the supervisionelement in the manager's task. It is shown that in the sampleof teams studied the correlates of perceived team effectivenesswere quite different in area teams from those found in socialwork teams. Social work teams required a manager who was primarilysupportive, whereas in area teams the manager's role was foundto be less important than were group process variables.     

PARTIAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT: AN ESSAY

A serious gap is emerging between what is espoused as total quality management and what is actually being implemented. Examples of actual implementation failures are given. In addition to affecting the offending firms, these gaps threaten the viability of the quality management movement in the United States. Their causes and appropriate counter measures are worthy topics for research.