聂耳的"新兴音乐"创作与30年代的中国革命

聂耳是20世纪中国著名的作曲家,他的创作对于理解20世纪中国艺术与音乐的发展及其走向政治化的历程十分重要。探讨聂耳关于艺术的角色及现实对于艺术与艺术家之重要性的见解,讨论他的音乐如何传达中国现代民族主义和革命精神,有助于理解中国的现代性与革命的共生关系。聂耳将不同的艺术观念综合一体,在吸收西方音乐技巧和创造中国新型革命艺术方面取得了成功。对聂耳进行研究可以为30年代中国左翼知识社群的意义和影响予以重估,他的创作———无论是题材还是风格———都代表着中国革命音乐的巅峰,并可为其后的几代歌曲作家充当样本。     

Ramsey's Foundations Extended to Desirabilities

In his Truth and Probability (1926), Frank Ramsey provides foundations for measures of degrees of belief in propositions and preferences for worlds. Nonquantitative conditions on preferences for worlds, and gambles for worlds and certain near-worlds, are formulated which he says insure that a subject's preferences for worlds are represented by numbers, world values. Numbers, for his degrees of belief in propositions, probabilities, are then defined in terms of his world values. Ramsey does not also propose definitions of desirabilities for propositions, though he is in a position to do this. Given his measures for probabilities of propositions and values of worlds, he can frame natural definitions for both evidential and causal desirabilities that would measure respectively the welcomeness of propositions as items of news, and as facts. His theory is neutral with respect to the evidential/causal division. In the present paper, as Ramsey's foundations are explained, several problems and limitations are noted. Their distinctive virtue – their evidential/causal neutrality – is demonstrated. Comparisons are made with other foundational schemes, and a perspective is recommended from which nonquantitative foundations are not the be all for quantitative theories of ideal preferences and credences.     

Quality in services for disabled children and their families: what can theory,policy and research on children's and parents' views tell us?

Many discourses surround the concept of ‘service quality’, however, it continues to remain partial and ambiguous. This paper seeks to unpack ‘quality’ in services for disabled children and their families. Theoretical models are initially reviewed and then considered in relation to key policy guidelines, empirical data drawing upon parents' and children's experiences of ‘quality’ in services are presented. This paper demonstrates the many different levels within the concept of ‘quality’ and highlights the importance of recognising and respecting that children and parents frequently value different aspects of ‘quality’. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Countable Additivity and the Foundations of Bayesian Statistics

At a very fundamental level an individual (or a computer) can process only a finite amount of information in a finite time. We can therefore model the possibilities facing such an observer by a tree with only finitely many arcs leaving each node. There is a natural field of events associated with this tree, and we show that any finitely additive probability measure on this field will also be countably additive. Hence when considering the foundations of Bayesian statistics we may as well assume countable additivity over a σ-field of events.     

Choosing a Valid Assessment of Attachment for Clinical Use: A Comparative Study

This article addresses the clinical issue of selecting assessments of attachment that are relevant to decision making for families. The validity of three commonly used methods of assessing attachment in preschool‐aged children was compared using a sample of 51 low‐income mother—child dyads. Thirty‐eight of the children had been abused or neglected. The dyads were seen in a Strange Situation that was classified using each of the three methods: (a) the Ainsworth‐extended method, (b) the Cassidy‐Marvin (C‐M) method, and (c) the Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA). Validity was evaluated in terms of maltreatment status, maternal sensitivity, child DQ, and maternal attachment strategy. The PAA and C‐M classifications matched in only 37% of cases. The Ainsworth‐extended method differentiated secure versus insecure children on two variables. The CM method differentiated secure versus insecure children on one variable. The PAA differentiated secure versus insecure children on all four variables and subgroups on one. Moreover, it was tied to other family relationship variables in meaningful ways. If applied in clinical settings, these three methods would result in very different groups of children being seen as safe and at risk. We argue that clinicians cannot afford to be uninformed about the validity of alternative means of assessing attachment.     

SOCIAL REPRODUCTION AND THE CORPORATE OTHER:

This article identifies and describes a phenomenon that has arisen over the course of the last generation: an institutionalized "afterschool" period marked by children's involvement in adult-organized and -supervised activities. We trace the historical development of this period and examine its socializing influences on children. Children experience passage through an "extracurricular career" that begins with a recreational ambiance but progresses into competitive and finally elite activities as they grow older and become more skilled. Along this route, their leisure activities become less spontaneous and more rationalized, focused, and professionalized. Adults' incursion into children's play thus represents a means for them to reproduce the existing social structure and to socialize young people to the corporate work values of American culture.