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751.
While it is well known that the widowed suffer increased mortality risks, the mechanism of this survival disadvantage is still
under investigation. In this article, we examine the quality of health care as a possible link between widowhood and mortality
using a unique data set of 475,313 elderly couples who were followed up for up to nine years. We address whether the transition
to widowhood affects the quality of care that individuals receive and explore the extent to which these changes mediate the
elevated mortality hazard for the widowed. We analyze six established measures of quality of health care in a fixed-effect
framework to account for unobserved heterogeneity. Caregiving and acute bereavement during the transition to widowhood appear
to distract individuals from taking care of their own health care needs in the short run. However, being widowed does not
have long-term detrimental effects on individuals’ ability to sustain contact with the formal medical system. Moreover, the
short-run disruption does not mediate the widowhood effect on mortality. Nevertheless, long after spousal death, men suffer
from a decline in the quality of informal care, coordination between formal and informal care, and the ability to advocate
and communicate in formal medical settings. These findings illustrate women’s centrality in the household production of health
and identify important points of intervention in optimizing men’s adjustment to widowhood. 相似文献
752.
Obesity is considered a major cause of premature mortality and a potential threat to the longstanding secular decline in mortality
in the United States. We measure relative and attributable risks associated with obesity among middle-aged adults using data
from the Health and Retirement Study (1992–2004). Although class II/III obesity (BMI _ 35.0 kg/m2) increases mortality by
40% in females and 62% in males compared with normal BMI (BMI = 18.5-24.9), class I obesity (BMI = 30.0-34.9) and being overweight
(BMI = 25.0-29.9) are not associated with excess mortality. With respect to attributable mortality, class II/III obesity (BMI
_ 35.0) is responsible for approximately 4% of deaths among females and 3% of deaths among males. Obesity is often compared
with cigarette smoking as a major source of avoidable mortality. Smoking-attributable mortality is much larger in this cohort:
about 36% in females and 50% in males. Results are robust to confounding by preexisting diseases, multiple dimensions of socioeconomic
status (SES), smoking, and other correlates. These findings challenge the viewpoint that obesity will stem the long-term secular
decline in U.S. mortality. 相似文献
753.
Steven Martin 《Demography》2009,46(1):203-208
This analysis joins the debate on how declines in marriage have shifted the composition of the unmarried and married populations
in the United States, and how compositional shifts have affected nonmarital birth rates. Gray, Stockard, and Stone (2006)
presented one model for compositional effects that Ermisch (2009) challenged with alternative statistical tests. I propose
an alternative model for compositional shifts based not on theory but on observed marriage and fertility patterns. The results
from this alternative model are consistent with Ermisch’s findings yet support Gray et al.’s general case that compositional
effects have had an important infiuence on nonmarital birth rates. 相似文献
754.
In this article, we analyze mortality rates of Finns born in areas that were ceded to the Soviet Union after World War II
and from which the entire population was evacuated. These internally displaced persons are observed during the period 1971-2004
and compared with people born in the same region but on the adjacent side of the new border. We find that in the 1970s and
1980s, the forced migrants had mortality rates that were on par with those of people in the comparison group. In the late
1980s, the mortality risk of internally displaced men increased by 20% in relation to the expected time trend. This deviation,
which manifests particularly in cardiovascular mortality, coincides with perestroika and the demise of the Soviet Union, which
were events that resulted in an intense debate in civil society about restitution of the ceded areas. Because state actors
were reluctant to engage, the debate declined after some few years, and after the mid-1990s, the death risk again approached
the long-term trend. Our findings indicate that when internally displaced persons must adjust to situations for which appropriate
coping behaviors are unknown, psychosocial stress might arise several decades after their evacuation. 相似文献
755.
Cristina Bradatan 《Population research and policy review》2009,28(4):389-404
A restrictive population policy led to almost doubling the number of newborns from one year to another in Romania in the 1960s.
Twenty years later, this large generation (of women) enters a marriage market with few eligible older mates, in a society
where marriage is a must. In this article, I analyze this social experiment within the broader frame of the marriage squeeze/two
sex models. Using various data from censuses and surveys, I argue that the marriage market is flexible even when is confronted
with disproportionately large cohorts. If the social pressure toward marriage is strong, the marriage rates do not necessarily
fall, but the mating age patterns change.
相似文献
Cristina BradatanEmail: |
756.
Hedwig Lee Kathleen Mullan Harris Penny Gordon-Larsen 《Population research and policy review》2009,28(4):505-532
Increasing obesity among Americans is a serious issue in the US, especially in the pediatric and young adult population. We
use a longitudinal design to examine the relationship between childhood poverty/welfare receipt and obesity onset and continuity
from adolescence into young adulthood using three waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. We include
multiple measures of disadvantage that co-occur with poverty and model potential mediating mechanisms within a life course
framework. We find a significant effect of poverty/welfare receipt in childhood on obesity outcomes for females, but not for
males. However, other measures of socioeconomic disadvantage such as neighborhood poverty, and low parental education are
related to obesity in both males and females. Poverty may impact female obesity through the mediating effects of physical
activity, inadequate sleep, skipping breakfast and certain forms of parental monitoring, while race is an important confounder
of poverty’s influence. This paper highlights the important influence of poverty and other aspects of social disadvantage
on obesity outcomes during this critical transition to adulthood. Implications of this research include physical activity
and parenting interventions for low-income youth. In addition, governmental efforts should be made to increase physical activity
opportunities in poor neighborhoods.
相似文献
Hedwig LeeEmail: |
757.
Standardization and decomposition are established and widely used demographic techniques for comparing rates and means between
groups with differences in composition. The difference in rates and means has heretofore been resolved in terms of the contribution
of variables to compositional effects for each variable and an overall rate effect. This study demonstrates that the resolution
of differences is attainable at the categorical level for both compositional effects and rate effects. Refinements to Das
Gupta’s equations yield a complete decomposition because of the additivity of categorical compositional and rate effects.
Other refinements allow the decomposition of polytomous variables. Extensions to the method provide for the decomposition
of the standard deviation and the multivariate index of dissimilarity. 相似文献
758.
Kevin J. A. Thomas 《Demography》2009,46(3):513-534
In this study, I examine disparities in schooling progress among children born to immigrant and U.S.-born blacks. I find that
in one- and two-parent families, children born to black immigrants are less likely to fall behind in school than those born
to U.S.-born blacks. In two-parent immigrant families, children born to two immigrant parents have a significant schooling
advantage over children born to one immigrant parent. While children born to two immigrant parents in the wealthiest black
immigrant families do better in the second generation than in the first, the reverse is observed among children in less wealthy
families. These findings contribute in two ways to our understanding of the assimilation processes of children born to black
immigrant parents. First, they show that there is a positive association between the number of immigrant parents in a family
and children’s schooling performance. Second, they suggest that disparities in the assimilation patterns of the children of
black immigrants are a likely product of the interaction between their parental characteristics and the socioeconomic circumstances
of their families. 相似文献
759.
Population forecasts entail a significant amount of uncertainty, especially for long-range horizons and for places with small
or rapidly changing populations. This uncertainty can be dealt with by presenting a range of projections or by developing
statistical prediction intervals. The latter can be based on models that incorporate the stochastic nature of the forecasting
process, on empirical analyses of past forecast errors, or on a combination of the two. In this article, we develop and test
prediction intervals based on empirical analyses of past forecast errors for counties in the United States. Using decennial
census data from 1900 to 2000, we apply trend extrapolation techniques to develop a set of county population forecasts; calculate
forecast errors by comparing forecasts to subsequent census counts; and use the distribution of errors to construct empirical
prediction intervals. We find that empirically-based prediction intervals provide reasonably accurate predictions of the precision
of population forecasts, but provide little guidance regarding their tendency to be too high or too low. We believe the construction
of empirically-based prediction intervals will help users of small-area population forecasts measure and evaluate the uncertainty
inherent in population forecasts and plan more effectively for the future. 相似文献
760.
An Examination of the Dual Model of Perfectionism and Adolescent Athlete Burnout: A Short-Term Longitudinal Research 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The dual model of perfectionism (Slade and Owens, Behav Modificat 22(3):372–390, 1998) is adopted to examine the influence
of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism on adolescent athlete burnout in Taiwan. Participants were 188 high school adolescent
student-athletes (M = 16.48, SD = .59). They were administered the Multidimensional Inventory of Perfectionism in Sport (Stoeber et al., Pers Individ Dif
43(1):131–141, 2007) and the Chinese Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) (Lu et al., Phys Educ J 39(3):83–94, 2006). A field
longitudinal design was used. In cross-sectional analyses, hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that adaptive perfectionism
negatively predicted athlete burnout while maladaptive perfectionism had an inverse relationship with burnout. However, after
controlling for the initial scores of burnout, neither adaptive nor maladaptive perfectionism significantly predicted athlete
burnout after a three month interval. Possible mechanisms of this relation, limitations, and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献