THE CASE FOR PARITY AND BIRTH-ORDER STATISTICS

Parity refers to the number of (live) births that a woman (or man) has had. Birth order refers to whether a birth is the first, second, third or higher‐order birth of the parent. In the context of low and shifting fertility, parity and birth‐order statistics are becoming increasingly important for understanding fertility trends and patterns, for policy, and for carrying out projections of future fertility. In Australia, the main sources of demographic data are birth, death and marriage registers, and the five‐yearly national census. Both the birth registers and the census are ideally placed to collect data required to calculate parity and birth‐order statistics. However not all Australian states and territories collect or code the necessary information in the birth registers, and the parity question ‘For each female, how many babies has she ever had?’ is only asked every second census; that is, once every 10 years. In this paper, we outline the importance and uses of parity and birth‐order statistics. We discuss the Australian data available at present and their gaps and shortcomings. We then describe the ‘gold standard’ of parity and birth‐order statistics and how Australia can achieve this standard through some minor changes to the data collection process.     

Competitive analysis using matrix displays

The objective of this paper is to explore how selected matrix displays can aid strategic management. Three types of matrix— the Directional Policy, the Hofer and the Patel and Younger— are considered and the particular contribution that each can make is examined. Each type makes a particular contribution and which type, or types, should be used by strategic planners should be a function of the objectives of the exercise and the data available.     

Not for Bread Alone—Motivation Among Hospital Employees in Singapore

Through a series of interviews and a literature review this paper uncovers the key sources of motivation among employees in hospitals in Singapore. The study examines the use of several non-monetary rewards Singaporean managers can rely on to motivate their employees in service industries. One vital finding of this study is that there should be value congruence and person/environment-fit.     

Matching Communities and Hierarchies within the Firm

This article, which draws on recent literature on organizational communities, raises the question of the coherence of the firm through the analysis of the dialectic interaction between hierarchies and Knowledge-Intensive Communities (KnICs) within the firm. Focusing on the cognitive dimension of the firm, we analyze the matching between hierarchies and KnICs and draw conclusions as to the coherence of the firm. Using two key elements (the frequency of interactions and the intensity of communication between communities), we draw a typology allowing a better understanding of the processes of coordination and knowledge creation within the firm. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Multidimension scaling for multiobjective policies

This paper develops and expands the use of multidimension scaling techniques (MDSCAL) as applied in the two separate fields of psychological testing and archaeology to the problem of multiple criteria decision making. Other work by the author published elsewhere shows that it is feasible to use MDSCAL for drawing maps of separate policies using very weak input information from which deductions as to most preferred and least preferred policies may be drawn. An application of this method is made, to show its use and a comparison made with the utility approach. The final, and main, part of the paper examines the robustness of the method for both deterministic and probabilistic input criteria. In this examination it is seen that the mapping method performs very well in picking up extremes of preference even under severe tests of robustness.     

The ‘ART' of knowledge:: Systems to capitalize on market knowledge

The authors argue that current knowledge management practice, which focuses on managing explicit data and information technology, is not enough. Tacit knowledge, such as subjective insights or emotions must also be considered.Converting between these forms of knowledge is important, and the concept of ART (action–reflex–trigger) systems is introduced to enable this to take place. ART systems enable companies to implement a multi-dynamic approach to knowledge management.The complex concept of ‘ba' is introduced—a shared mental space for knowledge creation—which provides a foundation for knowledge creation. The authors explore the nature, context and enabling conditions for ART systems and show how ba can be employed in ART systems.A case study—of the Seven-Eleven Japan corporation is presented, whose outstanding success is based on the capitalization of market knowledge, striking a balance between supportive IT and human insight, to achieve a multi-dynamic approach to knowledge management. The company integrates several interlinked ba and ART systems.     

A method for estimating age-specific reference intervals ('normal ranges') based on fractional polynomials and exponential transformation

The age-specific reference interval is an important screening tool in medicine. Put crudely, an individual whose value of a variable of interest lies outside certain extreme centiles may be suspected of abnormality. We propose a parametric method for constructing such intervals. It provides smooth centile curves and explicit formulae for the centile estimates and for standard deviation (SD) scores (age-standardized values). Each parameter of an exponential–normal or modulus–exponential–normal density is modelled as a fractional polynomial function of age. Estimation is by maximum likelihood. These three- and four-parameter models involve transformations of the data towards normality which remove non-normal skewness and/or kurtosis. Fractional polynomials provide more flexible curve shapes than do conventional polynomials. The method easily accommodates binary covariates facilitating, for example, parsimonious modelling of age- and sex-specific centile curves. A method of calculating precision profiles for centile estimates is proposed. Goodness of fit is assessed by using Q–Q -plots and Shapiro–Wilk W -tests of the SD scores, and likelihood ratio tests of the parameters of an enlarged model. Four substantial real data sets are used to illustrate the method. Comparisons are made with the semiparametric LMS method of Cole and Green.     

The effects of parental leave extension on training for young women

Using three datasets for West Germany, we estimate the effect of the extension of parental leave from between 10 and 18 to 36 months on young women’s participation in job-related training. Specifically, we employ difference-in-differences identification strategies using control groups of older women and young and older men. We find that parental leave extension negatively affects job-related training for young women, even if they do not have children, especially when the focus is on employer-arranged training. There is tentative evidence that young women partly compensated for this reduction in employer-arranged training by increasing training on their own initiative.