Continuity and Change Within the Core Corporate Elite

This study examines the core corporate elite in both 1935 and 1970 in order to assess three alternative theoretical explanations of the composition of this elite. The elite members are identified as those 83 individuals in 1935 and those 70 individuals in 1970 who served as directors of four or more of the 200 largest nonfinancial and the 50 largest financial corporations. The three explanations of the social characteristics and institutional affiliations of the members of the core corporate elite are derived from the alternative theories of corporate control: family control theory, financial control theory, and management control theory. From the results of this analysis, it is apparent that individuals affiliated with financial institutions represent a disproportionately large and relatively constant share of the core corporate elite. Individuals who possess super-wealth or who are members of the upper class represent a significant but somewhat declining share of this elite. Finally, most of the members of the core corporate elite are managers rather than entrepreneurs or inheritors. Moreover, the proportion of elite members who are managers has increased whereas the proportion of elite members who are entrepreneurs has decreased over time. In general, the core corporate elite is remarkably stable, in terms of its composition, even over a period of several decades.     

Improving program evaluation with reciprocal indicators

Recent interest in social indicators of change has emphasized the unidimensional monitoring of social programs. Reciprocal indicators permit the recording of two-dimensional, or contrasting, trends within a selected system thereby providing efficient evaluation of program effectiveness. A religious indicator of congregation size, illustrates the differences in these two forms of indicators. Suggestions are made regarding application of reciprocal indicators and the policy implications associated with such use.     

Scarcity,Income Advantage,and Mobility: More Evidence on the Functional Theory of Stratification*

Two testable propositions suggested in the Davis and Moore functional theory of stratification are examined: the effect of scarcity on rewards and the effect of higher rewards on mobility. Data on the occupation of public school teaching for the period 1930 to 1971 were analyzed and compared with other wage and salary workers during those years. The proposition that scarcity increases rewards is rejected by these data, because higher incomes occur during periods (1) when there was less scarcity of teachers and (2) when employers discriminated against qualified married females in their hiring practices. The proposition that an increase in income advantage increases the movement of more qualified personnel into those positions found support, but for reasons more consistent with a conflict than a functional explanation. This research demonstrates the importance of economic incentives in attracting personnel but more importantly it documents how “political” groupings can regulate market forces.     

THE GREAT ALASKAN MONEY GIVE AWAY PROGRAM

For the past six years the State of Alaska has engaged in a unique program in which annual direct cash distributions have been made to the populace. These distributions represent in a sense dividend payments made to citizens on their individual shares of Alaska's mineral wealth. This paper provides a historic perspective of the Alaska dividend distribution program and examines actual distributions to determine whether they are consistent with utility maximization. We found that either a dramatic change in preferences took place over the past six years or that distributions were inconsistent with intertmporal utility maximization.     

Intervention time series analysis of voluntary,counselling and testing on HIV infections in West African sub-region: the case of Ghana

In this paper, intervention time series models were developed to examine the effectiveness of the voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) programme in the northern and southern sectors of Ghana. Pre-intervention data of HIV reported cases in the northern and southern sectors were first modelled as Box–Jenkins univariate time series. Second, the adopted models from the pre-intervention data were extended to include the intervention variable. The intervention variable was coded as zero for the pre-intervention period (1 January 1996–31 December 2002) and one for the post-intervention period (1 January 2003–31 December 2007). The models developed were applied to the entire data for the two sectors to estimate the effect of the VCT programme. Our findings indicate that the VCT programme was found to be associated with detection of 20 and 40 new HIV infections per 100,000 persons per month in the northern and southern sectors (p?相似文献   

The construction and analysis of a consistent set of input–output tables for the Irish economy

Summary.  We analyse input–output tables to see what structural changes have occurred in the Irish economy over time. First we produce a consistent set of input–output tables by aligning classifications and deriving a sequence of supply tables. The resulting tables are then smoothed to make the underlying distributions symmetric. We then compare the smoothed tables by using biproportional adjustment. We identify and analyse structural change that has taken place in the Irish economy since 1975.     

Spatio-temporal statistical analysis of the carbon budget of the terrestrial ecosystem

The Net Ecosystem Exchange describes the net carbon dioxide flux between an ecosystem and the atmosphere and is a key quantity in climate change studies and in political negotiations. This paper provides a spatio-temporal statistical framework, which is able to infer the Net Ecosystem Exchange from remotely-sensed carbon dioxide ground concentrations together with data on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, the Gross Primary Production and the land cover classification. The model is based on spatial and temporal latent random effects, that act as space–time varying coefficients, which allows for a flexible modeling of the spatio-temporal auto- and cross-correlation structure. The intra- and inter-annual variations of the Net Ecosystem Exchange are evaluated and dynamic maps are provided on a nearly global grid and in intervals of 16 days.     

The Potential Impact of ‘Public Access’ Legislation on Access to Forestry Literature

There have been increasing calls for the United States (U.S.) government’s implementation of broad public access policies mandating free online access to federally funded research. This study examines the potential impact of such a policy on peer-reviewed forestry literature. The authors analyze information about federal government authorship, federal government funding, and U.S. authorship indicated in articles published in five core forestry journals in 2006. The results of the analysis provide evidence that federal public access legislation would have a significant impact on the accessibility of forestry literature published in leading journals in the field.     

Social Drivers of Water Utility Privatization in the United States: An Examination of the Presence of Variegated Neoliberal Strategies in the Water Utility Sector

This study uses a logistic regression analysis to investigate the social drivers of water utility privatization in the United States at the local level. In order to do so I combine data gathered from the Environmental Protection Agency's 2012 Safe Drinking Water Information System database and use it in conjunction with the U.S. census's 2008–12 county‐level demographic estimates. I use a logistic regression analysis in order to examine the relationship between theoretically relevant social factors and the probability of a privately owned or operated water system being located within a community. Key findings suggest that water utility privatization in the United States follows the logic of a variegated neoliberalism and constitutes a form of environmental injustice.