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101.
Richard G. Rogers Rebecca Rosenblatt Robert A. Hummer & Patrick M. Krueger 《Social science quarterly》2001,82(3):435-452
Objective . This article examines individual level black-white differences in adult homicide mortality. Homicide is a major social problem and a central cause of preventable death in the United States. A homicide not only claims one life prematurely but can also devastate a family, friends, and a neighboring community. Methods . We link eight consecutive years of the National Health Interview Survey (1987–94) to the Multiple Cause of Death file through the National Death Index (1987–97), and use Cox proportional hazard models to examine the role of social factors in black-white homicide mortality in the United States. Results . We find that individual level sociodemographic characteristics—age, sex, marital status, education, employment status, and geographic factors—explain almost 35 percent of the racial differences in homicide mortality. Conclusions . These results demonstrate the contributions that National Center for Health Statistics data can make to criminological literature and reveal the mechanisms through which blacks experience higher homicide mortality than whites. Such illumination may lead to a reduction in the fourth leading preventable cause of death in the United States. 相似文献
102.
N. Patrick Peritore 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(4):359-372
Latin American fieldwork may involve danger for researcher and subject alike. The researcher must work to minimize his or
her own or others’ exposure to violence. Unobtrusive methods such as Q-Methodology, participant observation, and quiet interviewing
are recommended so that the researcher can build a sustaining and protecting network of contacts. This article discusses the
interpersonal relations, problems of security, and field entry techniques involved in sensitive research situations.
Ana Karina Galve de Peritore, his wife and frequent field collaborator, is a former professor of international relations at
National Autonomous University of Mexico, and is currently a doctoral candidate in rural sociology at University of Missouri-Columbia. 相似文献
103.
Abstract Previous studies have shown that African Americans have less favorable impressions about wildlands and recreate on wildland areas less frequently than do whites. However, most of these investigations have been conducted on non-rural populations. Rural perceptions of wildlands and visitation to such areas have received relatively little attention. In this exploratory study, we propose that race operates on wildland recreation visitation through the different meanings rural blacks and whites attribute to wildlands. We examine this hypothesis with a structural model which specifies wildland meaning as an intervening factor between race and visitation. Single equation results show blacks visit wildlands less, and have less favorable definitions of wildlands, compared to whites. However, when wildland meaning is included in the structural model, racial differences become insignificant. This suggests that the meanings different racial groups attach to wildlands help explain visitation. Both sex and age are also significant predictors of both wildland meaning and visitation. 相似文献
104.
Social security benefits provide an essential resource for most families on low incomes. This paper examines the life cycle of claiming activities, from the initial decision to claim through to routine claiming. New empirical evidence is drawn from a study of relatively low income households in South East England carried out by the Alvey DHSS Demonstrator Project. A number of analytical stages which comprise the “claiming process” are identified for the purpose of describing the complex sequence of events associated with claiming behaviour. The paper shows how adequate explanations of the life cycle of claiming activities need to be located within a broader analysis of decision-making within relatively low income households. 相似文献
105.
Patrick D. Nolan 《The American Sociologist》2003,34(3):107-116
Advocacy and interest groups routinely make fantastic and shocking claims in an effort to motivate the public to respond to
what these groups perceive to be important but neglected social problems and/or incipient “crises.” When closer scrutiny impeaches
these claims, these groups lose a measure of credibility, and the general public grows increasingly cynical of them and of
the social sciences whose data and research presumably support the claim. Similar temptations and dangers may face sociology.
I raise the possibility that the teaching of discredited findings and discoveries and the use of gimmicks that challenge conventional
wisdom and common sense may turn our students off and trigger the same distrust and cynicism engendered by advocacy groups.
Ironically, giving in to the temptation to shock and surprise rather than to inform and enlighten may foreclose the very real
opportunities that exist for engaging our students and the public in the enterprise of sociology.
He has been teaching introductory sociology for nearly thirty years, has published a number of articles on macrosociology
and ecological-evolutionary theory, and is coauthor of the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth editions of Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology.
I thank Sang-moon Kim for his help in assembling and analyzing the introductory texts, and Paul Nisbet for his help in reviewing
recent research on religion and suicide. A preliminary version of this paper was presented at the session, “Philosophical
Foundations of Sociological Knowledge and Applied Sociology,” Joseph Gittler, organizer and présider, at the Annual Southern
Sociological Society Meetings in 1995, in Atlanta, G A. 相似文献
106.
Some scholars have argued that we are witnessing a new social revolution—social “informatization”—that is comparable in scope and impact to that of the Industrial Revolu‐tion of the eighteenth century. Others have argued that it is a much more modest phase in the ongoing development of communication and information‐processing technology. While there are a number of reasons for disagreement about what exactly “informatization” is, and what its impact will be, two are paramount: (1) conceptual imprecision, and (2) issues of measurement. Using factor analysis, this study aims to clarify its conceptualization, and, then, rather than focusing on a single dimension (e.g., technological or economic), it will develop a comprehensive multiple‐indicator measure that captures the economic, technological, and size (stock) dimensions of social informatization. We find that this measure of social informatization strongly correlates with the general level of socioeconomic development. This result implies that social informatization may be a more continuous and cumulative process than a disjunctive or discontinuous “revolution.” 相似文献
107.
108.
109.
In terms of the risk of making a Type I error in evaluating a null hypothesis of equality, requiring two independent confirmatory trials with two‐sided p‐values less than 0.05 is equivalent to requiring one confirmatory trial with two‐sided p‐value less than 0.001 25. Furthermore, the use of a single confirmatory trial is gaining acceptability, with discussion in both ICH E9 and a CPMP Points to Consider document. Given the growing acceptance of this approach, this note provides a formula for the sample size savings that are obtained with the single clinical trial approach depending on the levels of Type I and Type II errors chosen. For two replicate trials each powered at 90%, which corresponds to a single larger trial powered at 81%, an approximate 19% reduction in total sample size is achieved with the single trial approach. Alternatively, a single trial with the same sample size as the total sample size from two smaller trials will have much greater power. For example, in the case where two trials are each powered at 90% for two‐sided α=0.05 yielding an overall power of 81%, a single trial using two‐sided α=0.001 25 would have 91% power. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
110.
Annual radiation doses and risks to the public living near, and traveling on, public highways, and occupational doses are calculated for highway shipments of radioactive materials under accident-free and incident-free conditions (i.e., under normal transportation conditions). The database developed by Sandia National Laboratories is used, and calculations are made using RADTRAN 4.0. This report is one of two reports estimating radiological risk associated with transportation of radioactive materials. 相似文献