PARTY POLITICS AND THE PRICE OF PAYOLA

The literature contains two competing views of the role of political parties: parties are treated either as associations of interest groups supported to the degree that they offer electoral support in the lawmaker's district, or as expressions of the personal ideologies of the lawmakers. In this paper parties are treated as bargaining agents for groups of lawmakers in their dealings with interest groups. Interest groups are depicted buying votes on proposals where those votes are cheapest. Parties are combinations of consistently low-price vote suppliers. The theory has empirical power that discriminates between it and the two competing models.     

All-brother crews in the North Atlantic

Le recrutement familial (pére et fils, groupe de frères) des équipages de pêche côtière dans l'Atlantique nord constitue une caractéristique constante. Même si ce type de recrutement peut être considéré comme une suite de stages successifs dans un cycle de développe-ment, on a porté peu d'attention à lévolution des équipages familiaux. A partir de données démographiques recueillies en Bretagne méridionale, l'article cherche à mettre en lumière le développement de ces équipages à travers le temps. l'analyse montre, plus précisément, que les raisons 'psychologiques' déjà avancées pour rendre compte de la nécessité et de la fragilité des équipages de fréres sont purement illusoires: les tensions peuvent être expliquées, de façon complète et constante, par la simple réalité de la pression économique.
A constant feature of the North Atlantic inshore fisheries is the familial recruitment of the crews: father and sons or all-brother crews. Although this type of recruitment represents successive stages of a developmental cycle, little attention has been devoted to the evolutive pattern of the family-based crew. Drawing on demographic data collected during fieldwork in southern Brittany, the article seeks to enlighten the developmental reality of the family crew. The analysis reveals in particular that the 'psychological' reasons put forward to account for both the necessity and fragility of all-brother crews pertain to self-deception: the cruder reality of economic pressure explains tensions thoroughly and consistently.     

Still Going: Recent Debates on the Goldschmidt Hypothesis1

Abstract The literature on the Goldschmidt (1978a) hypothesis has passed through distinct stages. This article is a commentary on the present status of the literature and particularly on a recent article by Barnes and Blevins (1992). Our arguments draw in large part from our previous work. Researchers in the 1970s and early 1980s were concerned mainly with replicating Goldschmidt's work. However, these studies had a number of methodological and conceptual limitations that limited closure on the debate. A new generation of research from the mid-1980s onward was premised upon addressing the limitations, including the need to incorporate indicators of nonfarm economic structure, to take spatial or geographic features into account, and to adequately conceptualize farm structure. Barnes and Blevins (1992) disregard these inroads, evident in that their article repeats earlier arguments, offers solutions to problems addressed a decade earlier, and is vulnerable to its own methodological problems. To move inquiry forward, new directions for studies concerned with the broader issues raised by Goldschmidt are suggested.     

Regional inequality and the welfare state: Convergence and divergence in levels of living in the United Kingdom, 1951–1971

Relatively little is known about the persistence or otherwise of geographical gradients in levels of living, even though the eradication of inter-and intra-regional disparities has been a major objective of the ‘welfare state’ created in the United Kingdom after the Second World War. Using a series of well-established territorial social indicators, this paper describes the relative change in levels of living in the United Kingdom by local authority areas between 1951 and 1971. A typology of change derived from the results of a linear regression analysis is presented. It is shown that the overall intensity of spatial inequality has changed very little over the period. At the same time, however, the relative position of some areas has deteriorated significantly, while that of others has significantly improved.     

外国领导是怎么炼成的

具有“个人魅力”的领导人往往能使人对其忠诚,但并不是每个社会都需要一个“个人魅力”型的领导人,在非洲和一些拉美国家,个人魅力甚至会起到负作用。在没有个人魅力的时候,只要你付出更多的努力,也能成为一名优秀的领导人。     

Leader vision formation and forecasting: The effects of forecasting extent,resources, and timeframe

Vision formation, and vision articulation, is held to be a central component of leader performance. Less is known, however, about the variables giving rise to viable visions. In the present effort, the impact of forecasting on vision formation was examined. Study participants were asked to write a speech describing their vision for a new school. Prior to writing this speech, participants were asked to forecast the outcomes of vision implementation. It was found that the extent of forecasting, along with forecasting of temporal and resources considerations, influenced the quality of vision statements. Forecasting was improved when people thought about causes, as opposed to goals, and implications, as opposed to facts. The implications of these findings for understanding leader performance in vision formation are discussed.