论共同体观念的语词生成与理论建构

本文运用发生学的方法，揭示共同体观念的语词生成和共同体思想的理论建构。第一部分，作者指出，共同体这个语词在西方语言中源于共善和公共，具有丰富的内涵。第二部分，作者指出，共同体是古希腊罗马哲学和政治学的重要概念，在哲学形上学和伦理学的语境下，共同体与共善的关系密不可分;而在政治学的语境下，共同体是公共的名词化和实体化，共善则是建构人类社会的纲领和目标。把善提升为至善是一条哲学伦理学的理论建构通道，而把善提升为共善，则是哲学政治学的通道，与哲学伦理学的理论建构通道并行不悖。第三部分，作者指出，奥古斯丁批判地吸取了柏拉图和西塞罗的相关思想，然后以公义为纲，建构了他的理想共同体———上帝之城。奥古斯丁对共善的探究，直接导致对理想共同体的理论建构。他的理想共同体以信仰为核心，以伦理为共同体成员的守则，以秩序与和谐为共同体的特色，以普爱为共同体生存与发展的动力。     

BayesProject: Fast computation of a projection direction for multivariate changepoint detection

Statistics and Computing - This article focuses on the challenging problem of efficiently detecting changes in mean within multivariate data sequences. Multivariate changepoints can be detected by...     

Ethical Numbers: Ethics Training in U.S. Graduate Statistics Programs, 2013–2014

As important members of research teams, statisticians bear an ethical responsibility to analyze, interpret, and report data honestly and objectively. One way of reinforcing ethical responsibilities is through required courses covering a variety of ethics-related topics at the graduate level. We assessed ethics requirements for graduate-level statistics training programs in the United States for the 2013–2014 academic year using the websites of 88 universities, examining 103 biostatistics programs, and 136 statistics degree programs. We categorized programs’ ethics training requirements as required or not required. Thirty-one (35.1%) universities required an ethics course for at least some degree students. Sixty-two (25.5%) degree programs required an ethics course for at least some students. The majority (77.4%) of required courses were worth 0 or 1 credit. Of the 177 programs without an ethics requirement, 19 (10.7%) listed an ethics elective. Although a single ethics course is insufficient for instilling an ethical approach to science, degree programs that model expectations through coursework point to the value of ethics in science. More training programs should prepare statisticians to consider the ethical dimensions of their work through required coursework. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

The intergenerational education spillovers of pension reform in China

Economic theory establishes that pension privatization weakens the link between old and young and so reduces the incentive to invest in public education in an economy with lower return rate of capital than growth rate of wage. However, empirical studies of the link change are few. In this paper, we investigate the effects of pension privatization and the central government’s subsidy to individual accounts on public education spending in a three-period overlapping generation model. And then, we take contemporary pension reforms in a number of Chinese provinces as offering natural experiment conditions. Using a difference-in-difference framework and 282 municipal districts panel data over years 1998–2009, we test the pension-education theoretical link change. Both our theoretical and empirical results confirm that pension privatization is adversely associated with local public spending on education in China. Private pension subsidies, moreover, magnify this effect. Our study supports the theoretical assertion and selective empirical findings of a negative intergenerational effect of pension privatization.     

Cyclical Evolution of the Global Right

An understanding of the current right‐wing national and transnational social movements can benefit from comparing them to the global and national conditions operating during their last appearance in the first half of the twentieth century and by carefully comparing twentieth‐century fascism with the neofascist and right‐wing populist movements that have been emerging in the twenty‐first century. This allows us to assess the similarities and differences, and to gain insights about what could be the consequences of the reemergence of populist nationalism and fascist movements. Our study uses the comparative evolutionary world‐systems perspective to study the Global Right from 1800 to the present. We see fascism as a form of capitalism that emerges when the capitalist project is in crisis. World historical waves of right‐wing populism and fascism are caused by the cycles of globalization and deglobalization, the rise and fall of hegemonic core powers, long business cycles (the Kondratieff wave), and interactions with both Centrist Liberalism and the Global Left. We consider how crises of the global capitalist system have produced right‐wing backlashes in the past, and how a future terminal crisis of capitalism could lead to a reemergence of a new form of authoritarian global governance or a reorganized global democracy in the future.     

乡约的诸属性及其文化原理认识

乡约是传统社会乡民基于一定的地缘和血缘关系,为某种共同目的而设立的生活规则及组织。乡约最初形成于中国,后传播至朝鲜半岛、日本和越南,成为东亚社会共同的法律文化传统。传统中国的乡约有其时空性、价值性和法律性。乡约不是国法,但在乡民的实际生活中发挥着法的作用,是中国传统社会秩序构造链中的重要一环,其内贯一极二元主从式多样化的文化原理,与传统中国社会的结构和文化理念相契合。近代以来,乡约总体上呈现出消解的趋势,但至今仍有各种流变形式,认真对待,合理改造,必有益于中国类型法治社会的建立。     

Hidden Resources and Barriers in Career Learning Assessment With Adolescents Vulnerable to Discrimination

The authors maintain that the social learning theory of career development and counseling has not been applied to diverse populations. To address this gap in the literature, the authors conducted a qualitative analysis of interviews with 21 middle school students in a low‐income, culturally diverse, inner‐city public school. Four themes emerged, reflecting the influence of discrimination on participants' career learning: contextual barriers and resources for learning, and psychological barriers and resources for learning. The authors provide a conceptual framework for assessing resources and barriers and a rationale for why these aspects often remain hidden or unexamined in career assessment with clients who are vulnerable to discrimination.