The purpose of this article is to present the results of an analysis of various cases of technology transfer involving European companies in the Asian region in the chemical and pharmaceutical sector in order to pinpoint the major source of problems. Based on these results, the paper then focuses on one particular aspect of the process of technology transfer—the training—in order to draw some practical implications for companies involved in technology transfer. 相似文献
Evidence of higher child mortality of rural-to-urban migrants compared with urban nonmigrants is growing. However, less attention
has been paid to comparing the situation of the same families before and after they migrate with the situation of urban-to-rural
migrants. We use DHS data from 18 African countries to compare child mortality rates of six groups based on their mothers’
migration status: rural nonmigrants; urban nonmigrants; rural-to-urban migrants before and after they migrate; and urban-to-rural
migrants before and after they migrate. The results show that rural-to-urban migrants had, on average, lower child mortality
before they migrated than rural nonmigrants, and that their mortality levels dropped further after they arrived in urban areas.
We found no systematic evidence of higher child mortality for rural-to-urban migrants compared with urban nonmigrants. Urban-to-rural
migrants had higher mortality in the urban areas, and their move to rural areas appeared advantageous because they experienced
lower or similar child mortality after living in rural areas. After we control for known demographic and socioeconomic correlates
of under-5 mortality, the urban advantage is greatly reduced and sometimes reversed. The results suggest that it may not be
necessarily the place of residence that matters for child survival but, rather, access to services and economic opportunities. 相似文献
We examine the effect of income inequality on individualś self-rated health status in a pooled sample of 11 countries, using
longitudinal data from the European Community Household Panel survey. Taking advantage of the longitudinal and cross-national
nature of our data, and carefully modeling the self-reported health information, we avoid several of the pitfalls suffered
by earlier studies on this topic. We calculate income inequality indices measured at two standard levels of geography (NUTS-0
and NUTS-1) and find consistent evidence that income inequality is negatively related to self-rated health status in the European
Union for both men and women, particularly when measured at national level. However, despite its statistical significance,
the magnitude of the impact of inequality on health is very small. 相似文献
Employee benefit plans occupy a special place in systems of social protection. Traditionally tied to work for an employer in a company, they provide a form of social protection which can be fairly described as fragmentary. That is to say, the rights they carry vary hugely from one employer to another or from one category of employees to another. This observation seems to hold true when we compare the position in various European countries. A certain movement towards harmonization now appears to be emerging, however, under the joint influence of greater European integration and the huge push for reform coming from the authorities in the various countries, aimed at giving people access to arrangements offering supplementary social protection. Not that the actual rights obtained through the employer are becoming standardized; it is rather that supplementary cover provided by or through the employer is being extended or made secure. The main concern of this paper is to identify the various legal approaches being used in Europe to attain this objective, and the difficulties encountered. 相似文献
In 2000, for the first time, the number of minimum income allocation system (RMI) recipients decreased. In 2001, this drop in the number of recipients began to stabilize, and the number started to increase again in 2002.The author observed a stabilization of the number of new recipients, whereas the number of exits decreased. This situation is different according to local countries (departments). The probability of RMI entries is more important for populations living in the south and southeast of France. RMI recipients of the more recent cohorts leave more quickly and in proportion more significantly than do the recipients of the older cohorts. This phenomenon is alarming because the exits occur massively during the first 2 years spent in the RMI device and because the probability of leaving decreases sharply. The author has thus observed that a significant portion of the recipients (28%) is present after 5 years or more in the RMI device. 相似文献
Remote sensing is a helpful tool for crop monitoring or vegetation-growth estimation at a country or regional scale. However, satellite images generally have to cope with a compromise between the time frequency of observations and their resolution (i.e. pixel size). When concerned with high temporal resolution, we have to work with information on the basis of kilometric pixels, named mixed pixels, that represent aggregated responses of multiple land cover. Disaggreggation or unmixing is then necessary to downscale from the square kilometer to the local dynamic of each theme (crop, wood, meadows, etc.).
Assuming the land use is known, that is to say the proportion of each theme within each mixed pixel, we propose to address the downscaling issue through the generalization of varying-time regression models for longitudinal data and/or functional data by introducing random individual effects. The estimators are built by expanding the mixed pixels trajectories with B-splines functions and maximizing the log-likelihood with a backfitting-ECME algorithm. A BLUP formula allows then to get the ‘best possible’ estimations of the local temporal responses of each crop when observing mixed pixels trajectories. We show that this model has many potential applications in remote sensing, and an interesting one consists of coupling high and low spatial resolution images in order to perform temporal interpolation of high spatial resolution images (20 m), increasing the knowledge on particular crops in very precise locations.
The unmixing and temporal high-resolution interpolation approaches are illustrated on remote-sensing data obtained on the South-Western France during the year 2002. 相似文献
In this paper we explain how practitioners perform strategic sensemaking with visual representations. Here, we identify four modes of strategic sensemaking/giving: content‐generating, process‐generating, process‐ingraining and content‐ingraining. While each of these modes supports strategic sensemaking/giving by focusing practitioners’ work on specific issues, they also divert practitioners from focusing on key aspects of strategy making. We conceptualize these limitations as ‘blind spots’. As a result, strategic sensemaking appears fragmented and can lead to breakdowns in sensemaking. However, the flexibility of visual representations facilitates strategic sensemaking by allowing practitioners to switch from one mode to another. These findings improve our understanding of the strategic sensemaking/giving practices that are associated with the use of visual representation. 相似文献
Women 65 years old and over make up the fastest growing population segment in North America. They are, particularly among the underprivileged, known to be heavy consumers of prescribed and over-the-counter drugs. The objective of this study was to identify the role of medication in underprivileged elderly women's strategies for aging well and dealing with minor health problems. A qualitative study was conducted among 40 women aged 65 to 75. Results show that elderly women seldom mention resorting to medication to "age well" although they report using this strategy to deal with minor health problems. Overall, the elderly women mentioned a wide range of strategies to cope with aging and minor health problems, which suggests that they are well equipped to face the challenges of aging. 相似文献
This note complements the study of Burke, Carillo, and Vakharia ( 2009 hereafter “BCV”) which analyzes a class of single‐product multisourcing problems under stochastic demand and random yields. The purpose is twofold. First, we prove that the objective function used by these authors is only a lower bound for the expected profit for which we provide the correct expression. Second, we show on some of the numerical instances provided in BCV's study that the structure and the performance of the BCV ordering policy may be substantially different from the optimal ordering policy. We conclude by giving general qualitative insights characterizing suboptimality of the BCV solution. 相似文献