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341.
Hermalin AI Christenson BA 《Asian and Pacific population forum / East-West Population Institute, East-West Center》1992,6(2):35-42, 58-62, 6
"This article illustrates a few simple techniques and approaches for using census data on the elderly more completely." The authors find that "by fully exploiting census and similar data, it is possible for analysts to gain insights about the future composition of the elderly, the changing status of the elderly in relation to younger groups, and the rate at which key cohorts are changing in various characteristics." The geographical focus is on developing countries. 相似文献
342.
Hahm I 《Korea journal of population and development》1991,20(2):17-39
In order to better integrate women's subordinate status into the world system, the author examined how processes of the new international division of labor and consequent underdevelopment affect women's overall economic status and occupational sex segregation (OSS). For the empirical test, panel regression analyses were used with 71 crossnational cases for the periods of 1960-80 and 1970-80. The results of the analyses clearly show that world-system position and economic development proved to have important consequences for OSS. However, the results unexpectedly showed a negative relation for multinational corporation dependency, which is stronger for the longer term period than for the shorter term. Of the intervening variables, the effects of female labor force participation show a negative effect on OSS, and those of the female share of the service sector show a strong positive effect on OSS at either point in time. Fertility did not show any significant effects on OSS. 相似文献
343.
Both population aging and the socioeconomic changes that often accompany it have effects on intergenerational arrangements. As a result, assessing the evolving social contract among family members is a key part of the research agenda. Studies monitoring these effects and other consequences are relatively new. Another way to gain insight is through a historical analysis that (a) traces how expectations for old‐age support have changed over recent decades for cohorts advancing through their life cycle, and (b) measures how well expectations accord with actual patterns. This article uses a series of fertility surveys in Taiwan from 1965 to the 1990s to trace expectations for coresidence among cohorts of young married women and to compare these expectations with the actual living arrangements observed in surveys of the elderly in the 1990s. The results indicate sharp shifts in expectations for each of the cohorts as they aged. These shifts reflect a response to respondents' own life course events and the changing socioeconomic environment and show large and persistent differentials by education throughout the period. These factors tend to bring expectations into fairly close concordance with the actual living arrangements observed some years later. 相似文献
344.
As part of a larger inquiry into the consequences of international migration for those who remain in the country of origin, detailed interviews were conducted with 234 adults in four Turkish provinces. Three migrant-status categories were defined: (a) Returned migrants, (b) Non-migrant close kin or friends of migrants, and, as a control group, (c) All others. Group (a) was the most likely to own various manufactured items, and group (c) the least, with group (b) in between. But when, within each migrant-status category, those who did not own but wanted a particular item were added to those who already owned it, much of the difference by migrant-status disappeared. This was particularly so with regard to necessities. Controlling for age, sex, urban-rural residence, and schooling produced an essentially inconsistent pattern of association between these characteristics and owning or wanting a particular item. It did, however, reveal a widespread persistence of not wanting one or another of these items side by side with a pattern of wanting it. While owning or wanting something seemed to receive only limited support from the consumption patterns of relatives and friends, not wanting something seemed to receive considerable support from this source. This seems unlikely to continue, however, in the face of changes now taking place in Turkey. 相似文献
345.
I Nyoman Widiarta Yoshito Suzuki Hiroichi Sawada Fusao Nakasuji 《Researches on Population Ecology》1990,32(2):319-328
Summary The population dynamics ofNephotettix virescens, a vector of rice tungro virus disease was investigated in a synchronized transplanting area at Jatisari (1984–1986), West
Java and in a staggered transplanting area at Sidan (1986–1988), Bali, Indonesia. The FARMCOP suction sampler was employed
for population censuses ofN. virescens and its natural enemies. The population growth pattern was affected by transplanting pattern: In the staggered transplanting
area, the population density increased from the immigrant generation to the first generation, and sharply decrease thereafter,
while in the synchronized transplanting area the population density often reached the highest peak in the second generation.
The degree of contageousness in the spatial distribution ofN. virescens was negatively correlated with population density of the immigrant generation.
Contribution from Indonesia-Japan Joint Program on Food Crop Protection 相似文献
346.
Kim IK 《Korea journal of population and development》1994,23(1):63-76
Korea's urban environmental problems, specifically air and water pollution, government environmental policies, and the role of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in protecting the environment are described and discussed. Korea's rapid industrialization and urbanization between 1961 and 1985 led to an increased volume of waste and air pollution. Automobiles increased in number from 29,234 in 1961 to 1,113,430 in 1985. In the same period, the number of factories with at least five employees rose from 15,204 to 44,037. The volume of chemical materials and agricultural chemicals dramatically increased. Household wastes in urban areas increased from 26,831 tons per day in 1978 to 61,072 tons per day in 1985. Industrial waste rose from 13,130 to 33,349 tons per day in 1985. Respiratory diseases are precipitated by exposure to sulphur dioxide, which is produced during cooking and heating with coal briquets; to nitrogen dioxide from automobile exhaust; and to carbon monoxide from coal briquets. Indoor air pollution from particles such as radon, asbestos, cigarette smoke, fungus, and bacteria also impacts on health. Tolerance limits have been reached or surpassed in many cities, particularly in Seoul. Air pollution is worse during the winter. The poor are particularly affected because of the continued use of coal briquets for heating. Industry contributes to water pollution. The volume of industrial waste water quadrupled between 1980 and 1990. In Seoul, however, population size directly contributes to 64.3% of water pollution, and the remaining 35.2% is from factories. Although livestock contributes to only 0.5% of water pollution, livestock drainage contributes to 36.3% of chemical materials in polluted water. Biological oxygen demand has also exceeded tolerance limits. Water reservoirs contain toxic chemicals such as lead, copper, mercury, arsenic, phenol, phosphorus, and nitrogen, which take a longer time to affect health. The Anti-Pollution Law of 1963 and the Environmental Protection Law of 1977 were adopted, but public participation was problematic, and funding for assessment was limited. NGOs have been active in environmental programs since democratization in 1987. 相似文献
347.
Szadkowska-stanczyk I Hanke W 《Polish population review / Polish Demographic Society [and] Central Statistical Office》1993,(3):66-84
"The aim of the study was an evaluation of death risk among men and women of working age exposed to cardiovascular risk factors. The survey covered random samples of the population living in the regions of Wroclaw and Ciechanow, [Poland,] including families of all who died from cardiovascular diseases in 1988.... The results of demographic analyses [indicate] that social factors exerting a negative effect on health behaviours are responsible for high mortality in males. Moreover, difficulties of Polish life place additional stress on male population.... For each from among 18 analysed factors the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases was several times higher in exposed males than in females." 相似文献
348.
Tatsuto Kajimura I Nyoman Widiarta Kazuya Nagai Kenji Fujisaki Fusao Nakasuji 《Researches on Population Ecology》1995,37(2):219-224
The reproduction ofSogatella furcifera was investigated in a chemically fertilized rice field and an organically farmed field. In the latter, the density of immigrants
was significantly higher, while the settling rate of female adults and the survival rate of immature stages of ensuing generations
were lower. The number of eggs laid by a female of the invading and following generations was smaller, and the percentage
of brachypterous females in the next generation was also lower. Consequently, the density of nymphs and adults in the ensuing
generations decreased in the organically farmed field. For an experimental comparison, potted rice plants were cultivated
using seedlings and soil from the chemically fertilized or the organically farmed fields. WhenSogatella furcifera was reared on these plants, both the reproductive rate and the appearance rate of brachypterous female adults were lower
in the organic treatment. Egg hatchability was also lower in the organic treatment. This experiment suggested that a specific
nutritional condition in rice plants suppressed the population ofS. furcifera in the organically farmed field. 相似文献
349.
350.
Martin J. Conyon Simon I. Peck Graham V. Sadler 《Journal of Management and Governance》2011,15(1):29-58
We develop a multi-theoretic approach, drawing on economic, institutional, managerial power and social comparison literatures
to explain the role of the external compensation consultant in the top management pay setting institutional field. Taking
advantage of recent disclosure requirements in the UK, we collect data on compensation consultant use in 232 large companies.
We show that consultants are a prevalent part of the CEO pay setting scene, and document evidence of all advisor use. Our
econometric results show that consultant use is associated with firm size and the equity pay mix. We also show that CEO pay
is positively associated with peer firms that share consultants, with higher board and consultant interlocks, and some evidence
that where firms supply other business services to the firm, CEO pay is greater. 相似文献