Hofstede's I-C Dimension as Predictive of Allocative Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis

There is a growing consensus in the scholarly and practitioner literature that theories of management do not always translate simply and universally. Using meta-analytic techniques, we explore Hofstede’s (1980) prediction that aculture’s score on individualism-collectivism will be associated with a normative preference for certain distributive justice principles. Findings indicate that in individualistic countries the preference favors the equity rule over equality or need in reward allocation. Conversely, in relatively collectivistic societies equality or need is emphasized. Moreover, in collectivistic societies the equity rule appears to be preferred with out-group members and equality or need with-in group. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Verandah Discourses: Critical Management Education in Organizations

The small but thriving Critical Management Studies community has so far confined its interest in education to that delivered in university settings. This paper identifies a framework for recognizing and understanding critical education as it is enacted within organizational settings. It analyses a portion of the data collected for a research study into alternative identities within organizational management education in order to suggest that critical management education (CME) fails to take account of the individualistic conventions that shape critical practice in organizations. The organizational version of CME works through a disruption of the ability of the manager to sustain managerialist narratives of the self. Two types of alternative practice are used to illustrate the ways in which this operates and are compared to an 'orthodox' performance of management education.     

Quantitative Assessment of the Risk of Lung Cancer Associated with Occupational Exposure to Refractory Ceramic Fibers

We present the results of a quantitative assessment of the lung cancer risk associated with occupational exposure to refractory ceramic fibers (RCF). The primary sources of data for our risk assessment were two long-term oncogenicity studies in male Fischer rats conducted to assess the potential pathogenic effects associated with prolonged inhalation of RCF. An interesting feature of the data was the availability of the temporal profile of fiber burden in the lungs of experimental animals. Because of this information, we were able to conduct both exposure–response and dose–response analyses. Our risk assessment was conducted within the framework of a biologically based model for carcinogenesis, the two-stage clonal expansion model, which allows for the explicit incorporation of the concepts of initiation and promotion in the analyses. We found that a model positing that RCF was an initiator had the highest likelihood. We proposed an approach based on biological considerations for the extrapolation of risk to humans. This approach requires estimation of human lung burdens for specific exposure scenarios, which we did by using an extension of a model due to Yu. Our approach acknowledges that the risk associated with exposure to RCF depends on exposure to other lung carcinogens. We present estimates of risk in two populations: (1) a population of nonsmokers and (2) an occupational cohort of steelworkers not exposed to coke oven emissions, a mixed population that includes both smokers and nonsmokers.     

Careers after COVID-19: challenges and changes

ABSTRACT

There are few certainties in our visions of post-COVID-19 careers, but change is inevitable. This article will explore how HRD can be proactive in addressing the immediate needs of the post-pandemic workforce and workplaces, as they strive to recover and resume a productive future. Uncertainties about employment and employability, how workplaces will be configured, the future of some careers and the possibilities for new opportunities will weigh heavily on individuals as they navigate these challenges. Drawing on the career shock, resilience, and sustainable careers literature, we consider how both individual and contextual factors will impact people and their occupations moving forward.     

An Event—Emotion or Event—Expression Hypothesis? A Comment on the Commentaries on Bennett,Bendersky, and Lewis (2002)

The hypothesis investigated by Bennett, Bendersky, and Lewis (2002) has 2 components. The first concerns relations between events and emotions, and the second concerns relations between emotions and facial expressions. These components should be conceptually distinguished, independently investigated, and separately evaluated.     

Watershed Pollution and Preservation: The Awareness–Appraisal Model of Environmentally Positive Intentions and Behaviors

A two-factor awareness-appraisal model suggests that individuals' reactions to threatening circumstances are shaped by their awareness of the threat and their appraisal of the degree of threat the circumstances pose to them. This approach, applied to watershed conservation, predicts that individuals will be willing to clean up the rivers and streams of their watershed if they are familiar with local water features (rivers, streams, ponds, lakes) and if they consider these features of the watershed to be degraded. We tested the model by measuring watershed knowledge, appraisal of watershed quality, value assigned to protecting the watershed, and behavioral intentions regarding watershed preservation in a survey of 1,128 residents of two urban watersheds. The results supported the awareness-appraisal model: Those residents who were aware of their watershed and considered it polluted expressed the strongest pro-preservation behavioral intentions. These relationships were held in both watersheds, but were stronger for those who resided in the more degraded watershed .     

Usefulness and Reliability of Tanner Pubertal Self‐Rating to Urban Black Adolescents in South Africa

Self‐rating of pubertal development is the recommended method to assess puberty in large community‐based surveys of adolescent development and behavior. The aim of this study was to validate for the first time pubertal self‐assessment using the sexual maturation scale developed by Tanner among Black South African adolescents (n=182) aged between 10 and 18 years who were recruited and assessed at public schools in Soweto—Johannesburg. There was significant concordance between adolescents' and same sex health professional's assessment of pubic hair growth and breast development in females (κ coefficients .71 and .76, respectively; p<.0005), and pubic hair growth and genital development in males (κ coefficients .63 and .60, respectively; p<.0005). We conclude that the Tanner pubertal self‐rating appears to be a reasonably valid instrument to use among black South African youth. The tool can be administered in school or other community‐based settings with moderate confidence provided the procedure is thoroughly explained to the participant through the developed tutorial in the language of choice, and privacy and confidentiality are assured.     

Family Process and Child Development in Unlabeled (Normal) Families*

Preliminary data are reported from an ongoing project devoted to the study of normal families. The research emphasizes the effects of system-level variables and the micro patterns of conversational interaction on the development of children within the family. Our theoretical model focuses on the individuation process, and the way in which accuracy of interpersonal perception and mutual validation among family members contribute to and are affected by the personal development and functioning of individual family members. The data derive from two-hour interviews with 99 families in their homes, plus psychological, sociometric and achievement data on an adolescent girl in each family. We have found both structural factors and patterns of conversational interaction among parents that distinguish families of the adolescent girls who score high on the individual functioning measures from families of adolescent girls who score low on these same measures.