Widowhood and spirituality: coping responses to bereavement

Nearly half of women age 65 or older are widows and nearly 70% of these women live alone. Because older women are three times more likely than their male counterparts to be widowed, widowhood has been labeled a primarily female phenomenon. This review article has two aims: (a) to discuss the impact of widowhood on the lives of older women and (b) to discuss how religion and spirituality may be used as coping methods for conjugal loss. After reviewing the literature the authors conclude that older women use religious coping as well as religious and spiritual beliefs and behaviors to facilitate positive adjustment to the loss of a spouse.     

教育与人的发展

从"教育"与"人的发展"这两个术语的定义,以及"人的发展"这一术语近来多次出现的背景及其所带来的对教育的不同规定,论述教育与个体发展的相互作用、个体发展的两个尺度,以及在这一问题研究方面所取得的成就与面临的挑战。鉴于目前人们对教育的看法过于狭隘,建议扩大教育的范围,将价值观念、性格、责任感和情感文化等也纳入教育的范畴。     

Faustregeln des Selbstmanagements und der Führung Handlungsaktive Mentaltechniken im BoxCoaching

The BoxCoaching is based on the certified results of the neuroscience, that the body-self-images form base elements of the interventions for mental health. After the author’s credo: everyone is boxing in the way of his basically psychological structure, the behaviour of the client, boxing in the limbic highly active borderline situation of the conflict, reveals the base-self and as a result of this the base-maps of its mentality, kind of feeling and acting, which lead him outside of the boxing ring. The article explains how the BoxCoaching activates those basal cerebral structures and releases by that long-term resources and how the self experience by boxing creates and found with so-called ?winner values“ (for example: courage, self trust, risk taking, resoluteness) solution working self-image-constructions.     

Virtuelles Selbstcoaching — Konzept und erste Erfahrungen

Combining management consultation with psychotherapy in the early nineties, coaching is a real innovation. Its success story grounds on a huge market demand. Nevertheless, actual market observations revealed a declining success progress over the past years caused by two factors. The first one refers to economic reasons since coaching is a high-budget-product and focuses mainly on managers and important specialists. The second factor is a psychological one: many potential clients associate coaching with psychotherapy and therefore react with resistance. To continue the progress, it is necessary to overcome both restrictions. The solution is virtual self-coaching as an innovative combination of coaching and e-learning. It is an online-tool that guides the user through a well-defined path of problem solving questions. This is for many users attractive because of the low costs in combination with the fact that working with an online-tool is associated with further education and not therapy. Our tests have demonstrated that the program is useful for a big variety of different problems and that best results can be expected if virtual self-coaching is combined with telephone coaching.     

Planning in Ireland

Ireland's First Economic Programme was initiated and devised by Dr. T. K. Whitaker, then Secretary of the Department of Finance, and Head of the Civil Service during 1957 and 1958. He produced a planning system suited to the needs of the country, simple and unsophisticated. The First Programme restored confidence in the viability of the Irish Economy and its potential for growth. This article charts the course of planning in Ireland during the sixties. Dr. Garret FitzGerald is at present the Irish Shadow Minister of Education. He was Alternate Member of the General Purposes Committee of the National Industrial Economic Council from 1963–1969, and he is author of the book: “Planning in Ireland” published by P.E.P. and the Institute of Public Administration in 1969.     

Ein heuristisches Modell zur Work-Life-Balance: Vier Dimensionen des Tätigseins

The author picks up a model of the philosopher Martin Seel on the ?four dimensions of activity“ in human life, and he develops a pragmatic concept of work-life-balance. These dimensions are: (1) Work as purposeful activity, (2) interaction as dealing with a human other, (3) play as activity which has the purpose in itself, (3) contemplation as non-dialogical interaction with an object. After some considerations on the postmodern working culture and on the concept of work-life-balance, these dimensions are delineated in detail and explained in their relatedness. Successful life requires that all dimensions are available. A questionnaire may help a coachee to reconsider and eventually to modify his life style.     

Wie gehen wissensintensive Dienstleister mit eigenen Wissenslücken um?

With the conducted Delphi study diverse alternatives could be identified which have been used by Consultants in dealing with their own unawareness. Superior strategies, which controlled the adoption of individual steps and oriented the activities in dealing with unawareness, as well as organisational regulations for dealing with unawareness, were noticeable, which could be adopted depending on the subjective perception and assessment of the present unawareness and its relevance and impacts. The detected strategies ranged from the maintenance and use of unawareness to open communication and elimination of unawareness to total ignorance and the hiding of unawareness. Concerning organisational regulations, on the one hand formal regulations and on the other hand informal regulations could be found.     

Die Kultur der Macht. Die Macht der Kultur

Acting in organizations is characterized by strategies of “Bemächtigung” (repression) just as “Ermächtigung” (empowerment): Everyone tries to push through its individual interests, legitimate or not. Thereby in every organization specific rules of game and stiles of play are developed. Altogether these rules constitute the specific organizational culture. In unfair games, strategies of repression are dominant. In fair games, all players try to realize over and over again a just balance of legitimate interests of all stakeholders. Supervision aims to strengthen “Spielmächtigkeit” (ability of play and game) so that its addressees are able to change unfair games into fair games. The know-how for this is here called “technology of empowerment”.