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961.
962.
Recent studies have proposed alternative birth outcome measures as means of assessing infant mortality risk; nevertheless,
there hasn’t yet been an integrated analysis of these approaches. We review 14 strategies, including various combinations
of birth weight, gestational age, fetal growth rate, and Apgar scores—as predictors of early neonatal, late neonatal, and
postneonatal mortality, and infant mortality. Using the NCHS linked birth/infant death file for 2001, we construct multivariate
logit models and assess the associations between each of the 14 key birth outcome measures and four mortality outcomes. We
find that all evaluated birth outcome measures are strong predictors, but Apgar scores are the strongest among all models
for all outcomes, independent of birth weight and gestational age. Apgar scores’ predictive power is stronger for Mexican-,
white-, and female-infants than for black- and male-infants. Second, all birth outcome measures remain significantly associated
with mortality, but their predictive power reduces drastically over time. These findings suggest a rule of thumb for predicting
infant mortality odds: when available, Apgar scores should always be included along with birth weight (or LBW status) and
gestational age. Additionally, these findings argue for the continued study of low birthweight, gestational age, and Apgar
scores as independently salient health outcomes. 相似文献
963.
Alisson F. Barbieri Edson Domingues Bernardo L. Queiroz Ricardo M. Ruiz José I. Rigotti José A. M. Carvalho Marco F. Resende 《Population and environment》2010,31(5):344-370
This research contributes to an understanding of the relationship between climate change, economic impacts and migration.
We model the long-term relationship (up to 45 years of projection) between demographic dynamics—particularly migration—driven
by changes in the performance of the economy due to climate changes in the Northeast region of Brazil. The region is of particular
relevance to the study of climate change impacts given its large human population (28% of Brazil’s population) and high levels
of impoverishment, having an extensive semi-dry area which will be severely impacted by growing temperatures. Ultimately,
the integrated model generates state- and municipal-level migration scenarios based on climate change impacts on the primary
economic sectors and their articulations with other sectors. Results suggest that the predicted climate changes will impact
severely the agriculture sector in the region, acting as a potential migration push factor to other regions in the country.
Finally, we discuss how the increased vulnerability of some groups, particularly migrants, can be factored into Brazilian
public policy and planning. 相似文献
964.
With data drawn from the second public release version of the “Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe” (SHARE),
we scrutinize individual and contextual (regional) correlates of economic difficulties among older Europeans, aged 65 or more.
A logistic multi-level regression model with random intercept shows that the risk of being relatively poor varies considerably
among the aged. We verified that the factors affecting poverty in each area are not merely the weighted sum of the effect
of the more disadvantaged people within the same area, which also exists: poverty appears also significantly influenced by
the specific context of residence. 相似文献
965.
Many faculty members consider using case studies but not all end up using them. We provide a brief review of what cases are
intended to do and identify three ways in which they can be used. We then use an example to illustrate how we have used the
case study method in teaching business demography. Among other benefits, we note that the case studies method not only encourages
the acquisition of skills by students, but can be used to promote “deep structure learning,” an approach naturally accommodates
other features associated with the case studies method—the development of critical thinking skills, the use of real world
problems, the emphasis of concepts over mechanics, writing and presentation skills, active cooperative learning and the “worthwhileness”
of a course. As noted by others, we understand the limitations of the case study method. However, given its strengths, we
believe it has a place in the instructional toolbox for courses in business demography. The fact that courses we teach is
a testament to our perceived efficacy of this tool. 相似文献
966.
The advent of a continuously updated Master Area File (MAF) following the 2000 census represents an information resource that
can be tapped for purposes of developing timely, cost-effective, and precise population estimates for even the smallest of
geographical units (e.g., census blocks). We argue that the MAF can be enhanced (EMAF) for these purposes. In support of our
argument we describe a set of activities needed to develop EMAF, each of which is well within the current capabilities of
the U.S. Census Bureau and discuss various costs and benefits of each. We also describe how EMAF would provide population
estimates containing a wide range of demographic (e.g., age, race, and sex) and socio-economic characteristics (e.g., educational
attainment, income, and employment). As such, it could largely negate and eliminate the need for many of the traditional demographic
methods of population estimation and possibly reduce the number of sample surveys. We identify important challenges that must
be surmounted in order to realize EMAF and make suggestions for doing so. We conclude by noting that the idea of the EMAF
could be of interest to other countries with MAF files and strong administrative records systems that, like the United States,
are facing the challenge of producing good population information in the face of increasing census costs. 相似文献
967.
Sven Drefahl 《Demography》2010,47(2):313-326
I use hazard regression methods to examine how the age difference between spouses affects their survival. In many countries,
the age difference between spouses at marriage has remained relatively stable for several decades. In Denmark, men are, on
average, about three years older than the women they marry. Previous studies of the age gap between spouses with respect to
mortality found that having a younger spouse is beneficial, while having an older spouse is detrimental for one’s own survival.
Most of the observed effects could not be explained satisfactorily until now, mainly because of methodological drawbacks and
insufficiency of the data. The most common explanations refer to selection effects, caregiving in later life, and some positive
psychological and sociological effects of having a younger spouse. The present study extends earlier work by using longitudinal
Danish register data that include the entire history of key demographic events of the whole population from 1990 onward. Controlling
for confounding factors such as education and wealth, results suggest that having a younger spouse is beneficial for men but
detrimental for women, while having an older spouse is detrimental for both sexes. 相似文献
968.
Aaron M. McCright 《Population and environment》2010,32(1):66-87
This study tests theoretical arguments about gender differences in scientific knowledge and environmental concern using 8 years
of Gallup data on climate change knowledge and concern in the US general public. Contrary to expectations from scientific
literacy research, women convey greater assessed scientific knowledge of climate change than do men. Consistent with much
existing sociology of science research, women underestimate their climate change knowledge more than do men. Also, women express
slightly greater concern about climate change than do men, and this gender divide is not accounted for by differences in key
values and beliefs or in the social roles that men and women differentially perform in society. Modest yet enduring gender
differences on climate change knowledge and concern within the US general public suggest several avenues for future research,
which are explored in the conclusion. 相似文献
969.
Hui-Chuan Hsu 《Social indicators research》2010,99(3):455-468
The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between subjective economic status and indicators of successful aging
to life satisfaction trajectories among the elderly in Taiwan. Data were from the four waves of “Survey of Health and Living
Status of the Elderly in Taiwan”. Hierarchical linear modeling was conducted. Subjective economic status was measured by childhood
economic status and time-varying economic satisfaction. Time-varying physical, mental, and social successful aging variables
and demographics were also used to describe the trajectory of life satisfaction. Life satisfaction showed a slightly decreasing
but generally stationary trend across time. The concurrent economic satisfaction was associated with life satisfaction trajectory,
but childhood economic status was not significant. The time-varying depressive symptoms, cognitive function and social support
were related to the life satisfaction trajectory. Policy on the elderly should take particular account of the economic security,
mental health, and social support of the elderly. 相似文献
970.
The aims of this investigation were (1) to measure the impact of arts-related activities on the perceived quality of life
of a representative sample of British Columbians aged 18 years or more in the spring of 2007, and (2) to compare the findings
of this study with those of a sample of 1,027 adults drawn from five B.C. communities (Comox Valley, Kamloops, Nanaimo, Port
Moody and Prince George) in the fall of 2006. Seven hundred and eight British Columbians responded to a mailed out questionnaire,
and the working data set was weighted by age and education to match the 2006 census statistics for the province, yielding
a fairly representative sample. Speaking quite generally, about 62.0% of the results for the two samples are very similar.
In particular, in both surveys we found that (a) among arts-related activities in which people participate relatively infrequently
(i.e., participation is counted in times per year rather than in hours per week), live theatre is supreme in the strength of its positive correlation with respondents’ perceived quality of life measured
in 7 different ways, and (b) compared to 4 demographic variables (age, education, household income and body mass index), household
income had the highest average, positive correlation with 7 different measures of respondents’ overall life assessments, namely,
self-assessed general health, satisfaction with life as a whole (single item), happiness, satisfaction with the quality of
life, satisfaction with life as a whole (5-item index), contentment with life (5-item index) and subjective wellbeing (4-item
index). Different results were found in the province-wide versus the five-communities survey for the following, among other
things, (a) compared to all 7 life assessment measures, for the province, satisfaction with the quality of life and happiness
had the largest number of significant correlations with arts-related activities measured in hours per week engaged, while for the five communities, the single measure of satisfaction with the quality of life had the largest number
of significant correlations, and (b) For the province, compared to all 7 life assessment measures, satisfaction with the quality
of life had the largest number of significant correlations with arts-related activities measured in times per year engaged; for the five communities, compared to all 7 life assessment measures, self-assessed general health had the largest
number of significant correlations with arts-related activities measured in times per year engaged. 相似文献